- Carolingian dynasty (r. 800-888, 896-899)
- Ottonian dynasty (r. 962-1024)
- Salian dynasty (r. 1027-1125)
- Hohenstaufen dynasty (r. 1155-1197, 1220-1250)
- House of Luxembourg (r. 1312-1313, 1355-1437)
- House of Habsburg (r. 1452-1740)
- House of Lorraine (r. 1745-1765)
- House of Habsburg-Lorraine (r. 1765-1806)
Saturday, June 14, 2025
Collection of major Holy Roman Empire dynasties
This post is a collection of major Holy Roman Empire dynasties. There are 8 dynasties listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia
List of capitals in the Roman tetrarchy
This post is a list of capitals in the Roman tetrarchy (established 293 AD). There are 4 capitals listed below alphabetically. The modern city is in parentheses. Source: Wikipedia
- Augusta Treverorum (Trier, Germany)
- Mediolanum (Milan, Italy)
- Nicomedia (İzmit, Turkey)
- Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia)
Thursday, June 12, 2025
Top 10 countries by population in 1000
This post is a list of the top 10 countries by population (including possessions) in 1000 AD. Source: Wikipedia
- Song China: 32 - 80 million
- Chola Empire: 4 - 20 million
- Pala Empire: less than 16 - 17 million
- Holy Roman Empire: 11 - 12 million
- Fatimid Caliphate: 12 million
- Byzantine Empire: 12 million
- Western Chalukya Empire: 9 - 10 million
- Buyid Persia: 6 - 8 million
- Khitan Liao: 5 - 7 million
- Kingdom of France: 7 million
Top 10 countries by population in 1700
This post is a list of the top 10 countries by population (including possessions) in 1700. Source: Wikipedia
- Mughal Empire: 158 million
- Qing Empire: 100 - 150 million
- Ottoman Empire: 27 million
- Holy Roman Empire: 27 million
- Tokugawa Japan: 27 million
- Spanish Empire: 24 million
- French Republic: 21 million
- Russia Empire: 13 million
- Joseon: 13 million
- Safavid Iran: 10 million
List of deposed leaders during the Arab Spring
This post is a list of deposed leaders during the Arab Spring (2010-2012). There are 4 leaders listed below alphabetically by country. Source: Wikipedia
- Egypt: Hosni Mubarak (2011)
- Libya: Muammar Gaddafi (2011)
- Tunisia: Zine El Abidine Ben Ali (2011)
- Yemen: Ali Abdullah Saleh (2012)
Top 10 countries by HIV/AIDS population (2023-2025)
This post is a list of the top 10 countries by HIV/AIDS population. The statistics are from between 2023 and 2025. The percentage of the adult population is in parentheses. Source: Wikipedia
- South Africa: 9.4 million (14%)
- Tanzania: 3.3 million (7%)
- Mozambique: 2.4 million (12%)
- Nigeria: 2.4 million (2%)
- India: 2.3 million (0.2%)
- Kenya: 1.7 million (5%)
- Zimbabwe: 1.6 million (22%)
- Malawi: 1.6 million (11%)
- Uganda: 1.5 million (5%)
- United States: 1.4 million (0.4%)
Wednesday, June 11, 2025
Collection of seas in the Mediterranean Sea
This post is a collection of seas in the Mediterranean Sea. There are 14 seas listed below alphabetically. Source: Wikipedia
- Adriatic Sea
- Aegean Sea
- Alboran Sea
- Balearic Sea
- Crete Sea
- Ionian Sea
- Levantine Sea
- Libyan Sea
- Ligurian Sea
- Marmara Sea
- Myrtoan Sea
- Sardinia Sea
- Thracian Sea
- Tyrrhenian Sea
Tuesday, June 10, 2025
List of country history posts (present day)
This post is a list of country history posts (present day) for this blog. There are 196 countries listed below alphabetically.
- Afghanistan
- Albania
- Algeria
- Andorra
- Angola
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Argentina
- Armenia
- Australia
- Austria
- Azerbaijan
- Bahamas
- Bahrain
- Bangladesh
- Barbados
- Belarus
- Belgium
- Belize
- Benin
- Bhutan
- Bolivia
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Botswana
- Brazil
- Brunei
- Bulgaria
- Burkina Faso
- Burundi
- Cambodia
- Cameroon
- Canada
- Cape Verde
- Central African Republic
- Chad
- Chile
- China
- Colombia
- Comoros
- Costa Rica
- Croatia
- Cuba
- Cyprus
- Czech Republic
- Democratic Republic of Congo
- Denmark
- Djibouti
- Dominica
- Dominican Republic
- East Timor
- Ecuador
- Egypt (modern)
- El Salvador
- Equatorial Guinea
- Eritrea
- Estonia
- Eswatini
- Ethiopia
- Fiji
- Finland
- France
- Gabon
- Gambia
- Georgia
- Germany
- Ghana
- Greece
- Grenada
- Guatemala
- Guinea
- Guinea-Bissau
- Guyana
- Haiti
- Honduras
- Hong Kong
- Hungary
- Iceland
- India
- Indonesia
- Iran
- Iraq
- Ireland
- Israel
- Italy
- Ivory Coast
- Jamaica
- Japan
- Jordan
- Kazakhstan
- Kenya
- Kiribati
- Kosovo
- Kuwait
- Kyrgyzstan
- Laos
- Latvia
- Lebanon
- Lesotho
- Liberia
- Libya
- Liechtenstein
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- Madagascar
- Malawi
- Malaysia
- Maldives
- Mali
- Malta
- Marshall Islands
- Mauritania
- Mauritius
- Mexico
- Micronesia
- Moldova
- Monaco
- Mongolia
- Montenegro
- Morocco
- Mozambique
- Myanmar
- Namibia
- Nauru
- Nepal
- Netherlands
- New Zealand
- Nicaragua
- Niger
- Nigeria
- North Korea
- Norway
- North Macedonia
- Oman
- Pakistan
- Palau
- Panama
- Papua New Guinea
- Paraguay
- Peru
- Philippines
- Poland
- Portugal
- Qatar
- Republic of Congo
- Romania
- Russia
- Rwanda
- Samoa
- Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Saint Lucia
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
- São Tomé and Príncipe
- San Marino
- Saudi Arabia
- Senegal
- Serbia
- Seychelles
- Sierra Leone
- Singapore
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- Solomon Islands
- Somalia
- South Africa
- South Korea
- South Sudan
- Spain
- Sri Lanka
- Sudan
- Suriname
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Syria
- Taiwan
- Tajikistan
- Tanzania
- Thailand
- Togo
- Tonga
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Tunisia
- Turkey
- Turkmenistan
- Tuvalu
- Uganda
- Ukraine
- United Arab Emirates
- United Kingdom
- United States
- Uruguay
- Uzbekistan
- Vanuatu
- Venezuela
- Vietnam
- Yemen
- Zambia
- Zimbabwe
Collection of major British Empire colonies
This post is a collection of major British Empire colonies. There are 10 colonies listed below alphabetically.
- Australia
- Burma
- Canada
- Egypt
- India
- Kenya
- Nigeria
- New Zealand
- South Africa
- Thirteen Colonies
Sources
Collection of major Louis XIV wars
This post is a collection of major wars involving Louis XIV (reigned in France 1643-1715). There are 5 wars listed below chronologically.
- War of Devolution (1667-1668)
- Franco-Dutch War (1672-1678)
- War of the Reunions (1683-1684)
- Nine Years' War (1688-1697)
- War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714)
Sources
List of Georgian era kings of Britain
This post is a list of Georgian era kings of Britain. There are 5 kings listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia
- George I (1714-1727)
- George II (1727-1760)
- George III (1760-1820)
- George IV (1820-1830)
- William IV (1830-1837)
Monday, June 9, 2025
Collection of European wars of religion
This post is a collection of major European wars of religion (16th - 18th centuries). There are 15 wars listed below chronologically. Source
- Knights' War (1522-1523)
- German Peasants' War (1524-1525)
- Count's Feud (1534-1536)
- Schmalkaldic War (1546-1547)
- Second Schmalkaldic War (1552)
- French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)
- Eighty Years' War (c. 1566-1648)
- Cologne War (1583-1588)
- Strasbourg Bishops' War (1592-1604)
- Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)
- Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1639-1653)
- Savoyard-Waldensian wars (1655-1690)
- First War of Villmergen (1656)
- Nine Years' War (1688-1697)
- Toggenburg War (1712)
Sources
Wikipedia: European wars of religion, Category: European wars of religion, Knights' War, German Peasants' War, Count's Feud, Schmalkaldic War, Second Schmalkaldic War, French Wars of Religion, Eighty Years' War, Cologne War, Strasbourg Bishops' War, Thirty Years' War, Wars of the Three Kingdoms, Savoyard-Waldensian wars, First War of Villmergen, Nine Years' War, Toggenburg War
Sunday, June 1, 2025
List of Russo-Turkish wars
This post is a list of Russo-Turkish wars (1568-1918). There are 13 wars listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia
- First Russo-Turkish War (1568-1570)
- Russo-Crimean War (1571-1572)
- Second Russo-Turkish War (1676-1681)
- Third Russo-Turkish War* (1686-1700)
- Fourth Russo-Turkish War** (1710-1713)
- Fifth Russo-Turkish War (1735-1739)
- Sixth Russo-Turkish War (1768-1774)
- Seventh Russo-Turkish War (1787-1792)
- Eighth Russo-Turkish War (1806-1812)
- Ninth Russo-Turkish War (1828-1829)
- Crimean War (1853-1856)
- Tenth Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878)
- World War I (1914-1918)
* Part of the Great Turkish War
** Part of the Great Northern War
Collection of facts about the House of Habsburg
This post is a collection of facts about the House of Habsburg. There are 6 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia
- Founded by Radbot of Klettgau in Switzerland (11th century)
- Rudolph elected King of the Romans (1273)
- Ruled Austria (13th century - 1918)
- Ruled Holy Roman Empire 1440-1740 and 1765-1806
- Family split between Spanish and German-Austrian branches (16th century)
- Also ruled Bohemia, Hungary, Croatia, Slavonia, Dalmatia, Portugal, Sicily, Lombardy-Venetia, Galicia-Lodomeria and Mexico
Collection of facts about the Capetian dynasty
This post is a collection of facts about the Capetian dynasty (987 - 1848). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia
- Founded by Hugh Capet (987 AD)
- Branch of Robertians and Karlings dynasties
- Ruled France 987-1792 and 1814-1848
- Charles IV died in 1328 ending senior line
- Succeeded by cadet branches House of Valois and House of Bourbon
- Louis Philippe I was the last Capetian ruler of France (r. 1830 - 1848)
- Ruled Portugal, Sicily, Naples, Navarre, Hungary, Croatia, Poland, Spain, Sardinia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Latin Empire and Brazil
Collection of famous Years' wars
This post is a collection of famous Years' wars. There are 6 wars listed below chronologically.
Hundred Years' War (1337 - 1453)
"...conflict between the kingdoms of England and France and a civil war in France... triggered by a claim to the French throne made by Edward III of England." (Wikipedia: Hundred Years' War, 5.31.25 UTC 01:04)
Eighty Years' War (c. 1566 - 1648)
"...conflict in the Habsburg Netherlands between disparate groups of rebels and the Spanish government. The causes of the war included the Reformation, centralization, excessive taxation and the rights and privileges of the Dutch nobility and cities." (Wikipedia: Eighty Years' War, 5.15.25 UTC 15:57)
Thirty Years' War (1618 - 1648)
"...origins in the 16th century Reformation, which led to religious conflict within the Holy Roman Empire... external drivers such as the French-Habsburg rivalry and the Dutch Revolt... After 1635, the Empire became one theater of a wider struggle between France, chiefly supported by Sweden and Emperor Ferdinand III, whose principal ally was Spain." (Wikipedia: Thirty Years' War, 5.31.25 UTC 16:09)
Nine Years' War (1688 - 1697)
"...between France and the Grand Alliance. Although largely concentrated in Europe, fighting spread to colonial possessions in the Americas, India and West Africa." (Wikipedia: Nine Years' War, 5.24.25 UTC 18:35)
Second Hundred Years' War (1689 - 1815)
"...series of military conflicts around the globe between Great Britain and France... such as the Nine Years' War, the War of the Spanish Succession, the War of the Austrian Succession, the Seven Years' War, the American Revolutionary War and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars." (Wikipedia: Second Hundred Years' War, 5.18.25 UTC 22:11)
Seven Years' War (1756 - 1763)
"...Great Britain and Prussia versus France and Austria... centered on Austrian attempts to recover Silesia." (Wikipedia: Seven Years' War, 5.23.25 UTC 20:44)
Collection of facts about the Kievan Rus'
This post is a collection of facts about the Kievan Rus' (c. 880 - 1240). There are 9 facts listed below.
- Founded by Oleg the Wise (r. 879 - 912)
- Consisted of East Slavic tribes in Eastern Europe
- Ruled by Rurik dynasty (founded by Varangian prince Rurik in 862)
- Extended from White Sea to Black Sea and Vistula river to Taman Peninsula
- Fought against Khazars
- Sviatoslav I ruled 943 - 972
- Vladimir the Great ruled 980 - 1015
- Yaroslav the Wise ruled 1019 - 1054
- Fell to Mongol invasions (13th century)
Sources
Wikipedia: Kievan Rus', Rurik
Collection of facts about the Phoenicians
This post is a collection of facts about the Phoenicians (c. 2500 - 64 BC). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia
- Originally based on Levant coast
- Succeeded Canaanites
- Maritime trade network and city-states in Mediterranean Sea
- Network included Mesopotamia, Greece, Egypt, Carthage, Cyprus, Iberian Peninsula, Tyre, Sidon and Byblos
- Decline due to Neo-Assyrian and Achaemenid conquests
- World's oldest verified alphabet
- Influenced Syriac script, Arabic script and Greek alphabet
List of Roman civilization historical periods
This post is a list of Roman civilization historical periods. There are 3 periods listed below chronologically.
Roman Kingdom (c. 753 - 509 BC)
"...settlements around the Palatine Hill along the river Tiber in central Italy, and ended with the overthrow of the kings and the establishment of the Republic..." (Wikipedia: Roman Kingdom, 6.1.25 UTC 05:01 UTC)
Roman Republic (c. 509 - 27 BC)
"During this period, Rome's control expanded form the city's immediate surroundings to hegemony over the entire Mediterranean world... There were annual elections, but the republican system was an elective oligarchy, not a democracy... Throughout the republican era Rome was in a state of near-perpetual war." (Wikipedia: Roman Republic, 5.30.25 UTC 19:28)
Roman Empire (27 BC - 476 AD / 1453 AD)
"The first two centuries of the Empire saw a period of unprecedented stability and prosperity known as the Pax Romana... In the 3rd century, the Empire underwent a 49-year crisis that threatened its existence due to civil war, plagues and barbarian invasions... Theodosius I, the last emperor to rule over both East and West, died in 395... In 476 by Odoacer, the Western Empire finally collapsed. The Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire survived for another millennium with Constantinople as its sole capital, until the city's fall in 1453." (Wikipedia: Roman Empire, 5.26.25 UTC 22:37)
Collection of facts about ancient Carthage
This post is a collection of facts about ancient Carthage (c. 814 - 146 BC). There are 10 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia
- Settled by Phoenicians (814 BC)
- Based in Tunisia and North Africa
- Gained independence in 7th century BC
- Carthage was capital city
- Naval dominance in western Mediterranean Sea
- Occupied northwest Africa, southeast Iberian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica and Malta
- Fought Berbers and Sicilian Greeks
- Fought Roman Repbulic in the Punic Wars (264 - 146 BC)
- Carthage destroyed in Third Punic War (146 BC)
- Conquered by Roman Republic (146 BC)
Collection of facts about the Ptolemaic Kingdom
This post is a collection of facts about the Ptolemaic Kingdom (305 - 30 BC). There are 8 facts listed below.
- Founded by Macedonian general Ptolemy I Soter (305 BC)
- Alexander the Great conquered Egypt in 332 BC
- Ptolemaic dynasty was the final Egyptian dynasty
- Capital city was Alexandria
- Fought Seleucid Empire in the Syrian Wars (3rd - 2nd centuries BC)
- Expanded to Libya, Sinai and northern Nubia
- Final Ptolemaic ruler Cleopatra VII dies (30 BC)
- Annexed by Roman Empire (30 BC)
Sources
Wikipedia: Ptolemaic Kingdom, Syrian Wars
Saturday, May 31, 2025
Collection of facts about the Seleucid Empire
This post is a collection of facts about the Seleucid Empire (312 - 63 BC). There are 7 facts listed below.
- Founded by Macedonian general Seleucus I Nicator (312 BC)
- Received Babylonia and Assyria from division of Macedonia
- Expanded to Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Syria, Lebanon, Anatolia, Levant, Kuwait and parts of Turkmenistan
- Fought Maura Empire (305 - 303 BC)
- Fought Ptolemaic Egypt in Syrian Wars (3rd - 2nd centuries BC)
- Antiochus III the Great attempted to conquer Greece and lost to Roman Republic (2nd century BC)
- Annexed by Roman Republic (63 BC)
Source
Wikipedia: Seleucid Empire, Syrian Wars,
Collection of facts about the Sasanian Empire
This post is a collection of facts about the Sasanian Empire (224 - 651 AD). There are 6 facts listed below.
- Founded by Ardashir I (224 AD)
- Defeated Arsacid dynasty at Battle of Hormozdgan (224 AD)
- Occupied Iran, Iraq, Caucasus, Levant, parts of Arabian Peninsula, Central Asia and South Asia
- Fought Roman Empire / Byzantine Empire
- Revitalized Zoroastrianism
- Defeated by Muslim conquest of Iran (633 - 651 AD)
Sources
Wikipedia: Sasanian Empire, Muslim conquest of Persia
Collection of facts about the Parthian Empire
This post is a collection of facts about he Parthian Empire (247 BC - 224 AD). There are 9 facts listed below.
- Founded by Arsaces I (247 BC)
- Ruled by Arsacid dynasty
- Based in modern-day Iran
- Expanded to Turkey, Afghanistan and Pakistan
- Located on Silk Road trade route
- Fought Seleucids, Scythians, Kingdom of Armenia and Roman Republic
- Roman-Parthian Wars (54 BC - 217 AD)
- Ardashir I kills last Arsacid ruler Artabanus IV (224 AD)
- Ardashir I founds Sasanian Empire (224 AD)
Sources
Wikipedia: Parthian Empire, Roman-Parthian Wars,
Collection of facts about the Achaemenid Empire
This post is a collection of facts about the Achaemenid Empire (550 - 330 BC). There are 6 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia
- Founded by Cyrus the Great (550 BC)
- Based in modern-day Iran
- Defeated Medes, Lydia and Neo-Babylonian Empire
- 5.5 million sq. kilometers: Balkans, Egypt, West Asia, Central Asia, Indus Valley
- Conquered by Alexander the Great and Macedonian Empire (330 BC)
- Later ruled by Ptolemaic Kingdom and Seleucid Empire
Collection of facts about Sumer
This post is a collection of facts about Sumer (c. 5500 - 1800 BC). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia
- World's earliest known civilization
- Located along Tigris and Euphrates rivers
- Ubaid period (c. 6500 - 4100 BC)
- Uruk period (c. 4100 - 3100 BC)
- Proto-writing (c. 4000 - 2500 BC)
- World's earliest known texts (27th century BC)
- Succeeded by Akkadian Empire (23rd century BC)
List of Egyptian Kingdom historical periods
This post is a list of Egyptian Kingdom historical periods. There are 3 periods listed below chronologically.
Old Kingdom (2686 - 2181 BC)
"...it encompasses the reigns of the great pyramid-builders of the Fourth Dynasty, such as King Sneferu, under whom the art of pyramid-building was perfected, and the kings Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure, who commissioned the construction of the pyramids at Giza." (Wikipedia: Old Kingdom of Egypt, 3.3.25 UTC 14:38)
Middle Kingdom (2055 - 1650 BC)
"...reunification of Egypt under the reign of Mentuhotep II in the Eleventh Dynasty to the end of the Twelfth Dynasty." (Wikipedia: Middle Kingdom of Egypt, 4.15.25 UTC 14:27)
New Kingdom (1570 - 1069 BC)
"...Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth dynasties... It was the most prosperous time for the Egyptian people and marked the peak of Egypt's power." (Wikipedia: New Kingdom of Egypt, 5.26.25 UTC 01:25)
List of Assyrian historical periods
This post is a list of Assyrian historical periods. There are 5 periods listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia
- Early Assyrian (2600 - 2025 BC)
- Old Assyrian (2025 - 1364 BC)
- Middle Assyrian (1363 - 912 BC)
- Neo-Assyrian (911 - 609 BC)
- Post-imperial Assyria (609 BC - 240 AD)
Collection of facts about the Franks
This post is a collection of facts about the Franks. There are 10 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia
- Germanic people originally from Rhine-river area
- Ruled by Roman Empire
- Later expanded into Gaul
- Fought Alans, Vandals and Huns during Migration Period
- Clovis I unites Frankish Kingdoms under Merovingian dynasty (5th century AD)
- Later ruled by Carolingian dynasty (751 AD)
- Charlemagne crowned Roman Emperor (800 AD)
- Divided into West Francia, Middle Francia and East Francia (843 AD)
- West Francia later became Kingdom of France
- East Francia later became Holy Roman Empire
Friday, May 30, 2025
Collection of facts about the Carolingian dynasty
This post is a collection of facts about the Carolingian dynasty (751 - 987 AD). There are 7 facts listed below.
- Pepin the Short becomes king of the Franks (751 AD)
- Charlemagne crowned Roman Emperor (800 AD)
- Carolingian Empire (800 - 887 AD)
- Carolingian civil war (840 - 843 AD)
- Charles the Fat deposed (887 AD)
- Illegitimate line ruled East Francia until 911 AD
- Louis V of West Francia is final Carolingian ruler (died 987 AD)
Sources
Wikipedia: Carolingian dynasty, Carolingian Empire
Collection of facts about the Merovingian dynasty
This post is a collection of facts about the Merovingian dynasty. There are 8 facts listed below.
- Ruling family of the Franks (5th century - 751 AD)
- Childeric I ruled c. 457 - 481 AD
- Clovis I ruled c. 481 - 509 AD
- Clovis I sons divide kingdom: Austrasia, Neustria, Burgundy, Aquitaine
- Clotaire II temporarily reunites kingdom (613 - 623 AD)
- Charles Martel was Mayor of the Palace (718 - 741 AD)
- Pepin the Short deposes Childeric III (751 AD)
- Succeeded by Carolingian dynasty
Sources
Wednesday, May 21, 2025
List of Punic Wars
This post is a list of the Punic Wars (264 - 146 BC). There are 3 wars listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia
- First Punic War: 264 - 241 BC
- Second Punic War: 218 - 201 BC
- Third Punic War: 149 - 146 BC
Sunday, May 18, 2025
Collection of quotes about Carolingian miniscule and humanist miniscule
This post is a collection of quotes about Carolingian miniscule and humanist miniscule. There are 3 quotes listed below.
1. "Carolingian miniscule was uniform with rounded shapes in clearly distinguishable glyphs, disciplined and above all, legible. Clear capital letters and spaces between words became standard..." (Wikipedia: Carolingian miniscule, 4.9.25 UTC 12:02)
2. "Carolingian minuscule was created partly under the patronage of the Emperor Charlemagne... Although Charlemagne was never fully literate, he understood the value of literacy and uniform script in running his empire." (Wikipedia: Carolingian miniscule, 4.9.25 UTC 12:02)
3. "[Humanist miniscule] was based on Carolingian miniscule... Petrarch was one of the few medieval authors to have written at any length on the handwriting of his time; in his essay on the subject, La scrittura, he criticized the current scholastic hand, with its laboured strokes and exuberant letter-forms amusing the eye from a distance, but fatiguing on closer exposure, as if written for another purpose than to be read." (Wikipedia: Humanist miniscule, 1.7.25 UTC 02:50)
Sunday, May 11, 2025
List of ruling dynasties of the Kingdom of England
This post is a list of ruling dynasties of the Kingdom of England. There are 4 dynasties listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia
- Norman / Angevin: 1066-1216
- Plantagenet: 1216-1485
- Tudor: 1485-1603
- Stuart: 1603-1707*
* interrupted by British Interregnum 1649-1660
Saturday, May 10, 2025
List of Wikipedia notebook entries: May 2013 - September 2014
This post is a list of entries in my Wikipedia notebooks (24 total) between May 2013 and September 2014. This was a parallel and separate project from my normal research notebooks. There are 1,438 entries listed below chronologically.
- English language
- Indo-European languages
- List of language families
- Language family
- Language
- Behavior modernity
- History of Earth
- List of religious populations
- Christianity
- Origins of Christianity
- Jesus
- Buddhism
- Islam
- Hinduism
- Religion in China
- Chinese folk religion
- Irreligion
- Writing system
- Neolithic
- Bronze Age
- Protowriting
- Iron Age
- Ancient history
- Middle Ages
- Early modern Europe
- Mercantilism
- Mesolithic
- Paleolithic
- Holocene
- Euphrates
- Prehistory Mesopotamia
- Sumer
- Anatolian culture
- Aurignacian culture
- Lower Paleolithic
- Middle Paleolithic
- Upper Paleolithic
- Mesopotamia
- Cradle of civilization
- Atlantis
- Homo erectus
- Homo heidelbergensis
- Homo
- Americas
- Homo species
- Toba catastrophe theory
- Recent African origin of modern humans
- Settlement of the Americas
- Art
- Biological anthropology
- Race
- Indigenous peoples of the Americas
- Japanese prehistory
- History of Japan
- History of Greece
- History of Switzerland
- Proto-Indo-Europeans
- History of the Roman Empire
- History of banking
- History of money
- Commodity money
- History of banking in the United States
- Currency
- Coin
- Debasement
- Legal tender
- Monetization
- Fiat money
- Bank note
- Free banking
- Government
- Chartalism
- Bank
- Price controls
- Capital market
- Bretton Woods system
- Free Banking Era
- History of central banking in the U.S.
- Bank of North America
- National Bank Acts
- Coinage act of 1792
- First Bank of the United States
- Second Bank of the United States
- United States Note
- Central bank
- Medici Bank
- Bank of England
- Gold standard
- Demand Note
- Confederate States of America Dollar
- Federal Reserve
- Code of Hammurabi
- Barter
- Culture
- New York Stock Exchange
- United States Treasury
- Federal Reserve Note
- Celebrity
- Types of government
- Marriage
- Music
- Stock exchange
- iPod
- Desk
- Country
- Taxes
- Internal Revenue Service
- Accounting
- Godin Tepe
- Tepe Yahya
- Italian Renaissance
- Federal Reserve
- Time
- Religion
- Philosophy
- Science
- Social science
- Western Washington University
- Bainbridge Island, Washington
- Bellingham, Washington
- Seattle, Washington
- Mathematics
- Emotion
- Economic statistics
- Economic data
- Economics
- The Economist
- Economist Intelligence Unit
- Great Depression
- Addiction
- Cannabis dependence
- Gold standard origin
- Vaporizer
- Consciousness
- Consciousness II
- Neurotoxicity
- Cardiovascular disease
- Carpet
- Sleep
- Wakefulness
- Double-entry bookkeeping system
- Luca Pacioli
- Trading card
- Collectible card game
- New Super Mario Bros Wii Trading Cards
- British Empire
- French Colonial Empire
- Spanish Empire
- German Colonial Empire
- Italian Empire
- Ken Jennings
- Age of Discovery
- Indonesia
- Joyce Banda
- Julia Gillard
- Road
- Neuroscience
- Mutual fund
- Dance
- Hobby
- Leonardo da Vinci
- Michelangelo
- International trade
- Foreign exchange market
- Clearing house
- Current account
- Balance of trade
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- Four stages of competence
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- List of hobbies
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- Physiology
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- Flooding (psychology)
- Systematic desensitization
- Relaxation technique'
- Hypergraphia
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- The Most Interesting Man in the World
- Logic
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- Plan
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- List of prime ministers of the U.K.
- Community health
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- Self concept II
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- Nucleus accumbens
- Efferent nerve fiber
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- Neuroscience of free will
- Canada - U.S. Free Trade Agreement
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- Series 7 Exam
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- Nirvana II
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- Dukkha
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- Karma in Buddhism
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- Noble Eightfold Path II
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- The Worry Trap
- Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
- Experiential avoidance
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- Legend
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- Savant syndrome
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- SAP ERP
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- OMB Circular A-123
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- Hammurabi
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- Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
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- Har Gobind Khorana
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- Alfred Kinsey
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- Emperor Gaozu of Han
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- Ferdinand Magellan
- Mary
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- Montesquieu
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- Samuel Morse
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
- Mu'awiya I
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- Marco Polo
- Ptolemy
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- Rembrandt
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- Adi Shankara
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- William Shockley
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- Sophocles
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- Sun Yat-sen
- Henry Talbot
- Timur
- Edward Teller
- Henry David Thoreau
- Charles H. Townes
- Harry S. Truman
- Alessandro Volta
- Selman Waksman
- James Watson
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- Mary Wollstonecraft
- Frank Lloyd Wright
- Boris Yeltsin
Tuesday, May 6, 2025
List of Anglo-Dutch wars
This post is a list of the Anglo-Dutch wars (1652-1784). There are 4 wars listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia
- 1652-1654: First Anglo-Dutch War
- 1665-1667: Second Anglo-Dutch War
- 1672-1674: Third Anglo-Dutch War
- 1780-1784: Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
Tuesday, April 29, 2025
Collection of facts about the 1911 Revolution
This post is a collection of quotes about the 1911 Revolution in China. There are 11 quotes listed below.
- Lead to the end of Chinese monarchy and Qing dynasty
- Casualties: Monarchists 170,000; Revolutionaries 50,000
- Wuchang Uprising (Oct 1911)
- Qing dynasty appoint Yuan Shikai (Beiyang Army) as prime minister (Nov 1911)
- Republic of China established (Jan 1912)
- Xuantong Emperor abdicates (Feb 1912)
- Yuan Shikai becomes president (Mar 1912)
- Yuan Shikai restores monarchy (Dec 1915)
- Yuan Shikai abdicates and Republic of China is reinstated (Mar 1916)
- Yuan Shikai dies in 1916 and followed by Warlord Era (1916-1928)
- Manchu Restoration: Chinese monarchy attempt restoration (July 1917)
Sources
Collection of facts about the First Sino-Japanese War
This post is a collection of facts about the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895). There are 14 facts listed below.
- Qing dynasty vs. Empire of Japan
- Fought over influence of Korea
- Before war, Korea is a tributary state of China
- Qing dynasty helps suppress Donghak Peasant Revolution in Korea (1894-1895)
- Japan sends troops to Korea and sets up a pro-Japanese government (July 1894)
- Battle of Pungdo (July 1894)
- Battle of Pyongyang (Sept 1894)
- Battle of the Yalu River (Sept 1894)
- Japan invades Manchuria (Oct 1894)
- Battle of Lüshunkou (Nov 1894)
- Battle of Weihaiwei (Jan - Feb 1895)
- Treaty of Shimonoseki ended the war (Apr 1895)
- China forced to pay Japan, cede Taiwan and end Korean tributary state
- Japan gains influence over Korea
Sources
Collection of facts about the Chinese Civil War
This post is a collection of facts about the Chinese Civil War (1927-1936 and 1945-1949). There are 21 facts listed below.
- Republic of China (Kuomintang) vs. Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
- Chiang Kai-shek leadsKuomintang
- Mao Zedong leads CCP
- Northern Expedition: Kuomintang vs. Beiyang government (1926-1928)
- Shanghai massacre: Kuomintang purges communists (1927)
- Nanchang Uprising by CCP (1927)
- Guangzhou Uprising by CCP (1927)
- Central Plains War internal conflict in Kuomintang (1929-1930)
- Long March retreat by CCP is 12,500 km (1934-1935)
- Xi'an Incident: CCP kidnap Chiang Kai-shek to demand cease fire (1936)
- Kuomintang and CCP temporary ally to fight Japan
- Japan invades China during Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945)
- Russia temporarily occupies Manchuria (1945)
- Operation Beleaguer: U.S. provides aid to Kuomintang and guards Hebei, Shandong (1945-1949)
- Liaoshen campaign (1948)
- Huaihai campaign (1948-1949)
- Pingjin campaign (1948-1949)
- Republic of China retreats to Taiwan (1949)
- People's Republic of China proclaimed (1949)
- Casualties: 7 million (first phase), 2.5 - 6 million (second phase)
Sources
Saturday, April 26, 2025
Collection of members in the Bloomsbury Group
This post is a collection of members in the Bloomsbury Group (early 20th century). There are 10 'core members' listed below alphabetically by last name. Source: Wikipedia
- Clive Bell
- Vanessa Bell
- E. M. Forster
- Roger Fry
- Duncan Grant
- John Maynard Keynes
- Desmond MacCarthy
- Lytton Strachey
- Leonard Woolf
- Virginia Woolf
Collection of members in the Vienna Circle
This post is a collection of members in the Vienna Circle (1924-1936). There are 18 members listed below alphabetically by last name. This list includes only 'inner circle' members who had regular attendance. Source: Wikipedia
- Gustav Bergmann
- Rudolf Carnap
- Herbert Feigl
- Philipp Frank
- Kurt Gödel
- Hans Hahn
- Olga Hahn-Neurath
- Béla Juhos
- Felix Kaufmann
- Victor Kraft
- Karl Menger
- Richard von Mises
- Otto Neurath
- Rose Rand
- Josef Schächter
- Moritz Schlick
- Friedrich Waismann
- Edgar Zilsel
Saturday, April 19, 2025
List of states during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
This post is a list of states during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (907 - 979 AD) in China. Source: Wikipedia
Dynasties
- Later Han
- Later Jin
- Later Liang
- Later Tang
- Later Zhou
Kingdoms
- Jingnan
- Northern Han
- Southern Han
- Ma Chu
- Min
- Former Shu
- Later Shu
- Southern Tang
- Wuyue
- Yang Wu
Friday, April 18, 2025
List of painting level 5 vital articles on Wikipedia
This post is a list of painting level 5 vital articles on Wikipedia as of April 2025. There are 152 articles listed below alphabetically and by time period. Source: Wikipedia
Prehistoric (5)
- A Harlot's Progress - series (William Hogarth)
- Along the River During the Qingming Festival (Zhang Zeduan)
- The Ambassadors (Hans Holbein)
- The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp (Rembrandt)
- Arnolfini Portrait (Jan van Eyck)
- The Art of Painting (Johannes Vermeer)
- Athenaeum Portrait (Gilbert Stuart)
- Bacchus and Ariadne (Titian)
- The Beheading of Saint John the Baptist (Caravaggio)
- The Birth of Venus (Sandro Botticelli)
- The Blue Boy (Thomas Gainsborough)
- The Burial of the Count of Orgaz (El Greco)
- The Calling of Saint Matthew (Caravaggio)
- The Death of Marat (Jacques-Louis David)
- The Death of Socrates (Jacques-Louis David)
- The Elevation of the Cross (Peter Paul Rubens)
- The Feast of the Gods (Giovanni Bellini and Titian)
- The Four Seasons (Nicolas Poussin)
- The Garden of Earthly Delights (Hieronymus Bosch)
- Ghent Altarpiece (Hieronymus Bosch)
- Girl with a Pearl Earring (Johannes Vermeer)
- The Hunters in the Snow (Pieter Bruegel the Elder)
- Judith Slaying Holofernes (Artemisia Gentileschi)
- Lady with an Ermine (Leonardo da Vinci)
- The Last Supper (Leonardo da Vinci)
- La maja desnuda (Francisco Goya)
- Las Meninas (Diego Velázquez)
- Mona Lisa (Leonardo da Vinci)
- Mr and Mrs Andrews (Thomas Gainsborough)
- The Musicians (Caravaggio)
- Napoleon Crossing the Alps (Jacques-Louis David)
- Navicella (Giotto di Bondone)
- The Night Watch (Rembrandt)
- Portrait of Juan de Pareja (Diego Velázquez)
- Primavera (Sando Botticelli)
- The Return of the Prodigal Son (Rembrandt)
- Salvator Mundi (Leonardo da Vinci)
- The School of Athens (Raphael)
- Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting (Artemisia Gentileschi)
- Self-portraits by Rembrandt (Rembrandt)
- Sistine Chapel
- The Creation of Adam (Michelangelo)
- The Last Judgement (Michelangelo)
- Sistine Chapel ceiling (Michelangelo)
- The Storm on the Sea of Galilee (Rembrandt)
- The Swing (Jean-Honoré Fragonard)
- The Third of May 1808 (Francisco Goya)
- The Tower of Babel (Pieter Bruegel the Elder)
- The Tribute Money (Masaccio)
- Triptych of the Temptation of St. Anthony (Hieronymus Bosch)
- Venus of Urbino (Titian)
- View of Toledo (El Greco)
- Virgin of the Rocks (Leonardo da Vinci)
Modern (86)
- A Bar at the Folies-Bergère (Édouard Manet)
- A Cotton Office in New Orleans (Edgar Degas)
- American Gothic (Grant Wood)
- Bal du moulin de la Galette (Pierre-Auguste Renoir)
- Barge Haulers on the Volga (Ilya Repin)
- The Barque of Dante (Eugène Delacroix)
- Bathers at Asnières (Georges-Pierre Seurat)
- The Birth of Venus (William-Adolphe Bouguereau)
- Black Iris (Georgia O'Keeffe)
- Black Paintings - series (Francisco Goya)
- Saturn Devouring His Son (Francisco Goya)
- Black Square (Kazimir Malevich)
- Blue Horses (Franz Marc)
- Café Terrace at Night (Vincent van Gogh)
- The Card Players (Paul Cézanne)
- Christina's World (Andrew Wyeth)
- Composition with Red, Blue and Yellow (Piet Mondrian)
- Dance (Henri Matisse)
- Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe (Édouard Manet)
- Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (Pablo Picasso)
- Detroit Industry Murals (Diego Rivera)
- Dogs Playing Poker (Cassius Marcellus Coolidge)
- The Elephant Celebes (Max Ernst)
- The Farm (Joan Miró)
- The Fighting Temeraire (J. M. W. Turner)
- Gassed (John Singer Sargent)
- Girl with Peaches (Valentin Serov)
- The Gleaners (Jean-François Millet)
- Grande Odalisque (Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres)
- The Gross Clinic (Thomas Eakins)
- Guernica (Pablo Picasso)
- The Hay Wain (John Constable)
- Impression, Sunrise (Claude Monet)
- Interchange (Willem de Kooning)
- Ivan the Terrible and His Son Ivan (Ilya Repin)
- Jimson Weed (Georgia O'Keeffe)
- The Kiss (Francesco Hayez)
- The Kiss (Gustav Klimt)
- Le Sommeil (Gustave Courbet)
- Liberty Leading the People (Eugène Delacroix)
- The Love Embrace of the Universe, the Earth (Mexico), Myself, Diego and Señor Xolotl (Frida Kahlo)
- Luncheon of the Boating Party (Pierre-Auguste Renoir)
- Luxembourg Gardens, Paris (Albert Edelfelt)
- Man at the Crossroads (Diego Rivera)
- The Massacre at Chios (Eugène Delacroix)
- Nighthawks (Edward Hopper)
- The Ninth Wave (Ivan Aivazovsky)
- Nocturne in Black and Gold - The Falling Rocket (James McNeill Whistler)
- Nu couché (Amedeo Modigliani)
- Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 (Marcel Duchamp)
- Olympia (Édouard Manet)
- Ophelia (John Everett Millais)
- L'Origine du monde (Gustave Courbet)
- Parade de cirque (Georges Seurat)
- Paris Street; Rainy Day (Gustave Caillebotte)
- The Persistence of Memory (Salvador Dalí)
- Pollice Verso (Jean-Léon Gérôme)
- The Potato Eaters (Vincent van Gogh)
- Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I (Gustav Klimt)
- Portrait of Dr. Gachet (Vincent van Gogh)
- Portrait of Madame X (John Singer Sargent)
- The Raft of the Medusa (Théodore Géricault)
- Rideau, Cruchon et Compotier (Paul Cézanne)
- The Scream (Edvard Munch)
- Self-Portrait with Thorn Necklace and Hummingbird (Frida Kahlo)
- The Slave Ship (J. W. M. Turner)
- The Sleeping Gypsy (Henri Rousseau)
- Snow Storm: Steam-Boat off a Harbour's Mouth (J. W. M. Turner)
- Spirit of the Dead Watching (Paul Gauguin)
- The Starry Night (Vincent van Gogh)
- A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte (Georges Seurat)
- Sunflowers - series (Vincent van Gogh)
- Symphony in White, No. 1: The White Girl (James McNeill Whistler)
- Tiger in a Tropical Storm (Henri Rousseau)
- The Treachery of Images (René Magritte)
- The Turkish Bath (Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres)
- Twittering Machine (Paul Klee)
- Wanderer above the Sea of Fog (Caspar David Friedrich)
- Washington Crossing the Delaware (Emanuel Leutze)
- Water Lilies (Claude Monet)
- The Weeping Woman (Pablo Picasso)
- Wheat Fields - series (Vincent van Gogh)
- When Will You Marry? (Paul Gauguin)
- Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going? (Paul Gauguin)
- Whistler's Mother (James McNeill Whistler)
- The Wounded Deer (Frida Kahlo)
Contemporary (8)
- Campbell's Soup Cans - series (Andy Warhol)
- Downing Girl (Roy Lichtenstein)
- Marilyn Diptych (Andy Warhol)
- No. 5, 1948 (Jackson Pollock)
- Portrait of an Artist (Pool with Two Figures) (David Hockney)
- The Problem We All Live With (Norman Rockwell)
- The Son of Man (René Magritte)
- Whaam! (Roy Lichtenstein)
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