Saturday, July 19, 2025

Collection of facts about Austria-Hungary

This post is a collection of facts about Austria-Hungary (1867-1918). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

  • Austro-Prussian War dissolves German Confederation (1866)
  • Austrian Empire and Kingdom of Hungary unite (1867)
  • Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia joins (1868)
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina joins (1878)
  • Bosnian crisis (1908)
  • World War I (1914-1918)
  • Hungarian Parliament votes to terminate union with Austria (1918)
  • Succeeded by Austrian Republic, Kingdom of Hungary, Czechoslovak Republic, Polish Republic and Kingdom of Yugoslavia
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Friday, July 18, 2025

Collection of facts about the Austrian Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Austrian Empire (1804-1867). There are 8 facts listed below.

  • Established by House of Habsburg (1804)
  • Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815)
  • Holy Roman Empire dissolved (1806)
  • Congress of Vienna (1815)
  • Revolutions of 1848 (1848-1849)
  • Second Italian War of Independence (1859)
  • Austro-Prussian War (1866)
  • Established Austria-Hungary with Kingdom of Hungary (1867)

Sources
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Collection of facts about the Papal States

This post is a collection of facts about the Papal States (756 - 1870 AD). There are 11 facts listed below.

  • Capital: Rome
  • Pepin the Short donates territory to Pope Stephen II (756 AD)
  • Treaty of Venice (1177)
  • Avignon Papacy (1309-1376)
  • Protestant Reformation (16th century)
  • First Roman Republic occupation (1798-1799)
  • Unification of Italy (1848-1871)
  • Second Roman Republic occupation (1849-1850)
  • Capture of Rome (1870)
  • Annexed by Kingdom of Italy (1870)
  • Vatican City established (1929)

Sources
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Collection of facts about the Republic of Venice

This post is a collection of facts about the Republic of Venice (697 - 1797 AD). There are 13 facts listed below.

  • Occupied northeastern Italy, Istria, Dalmatia, Crete, Cyprus, Peloponnese, Montenegro, Albania
  • Established as a province of the Byzantine Empire (697 AD)
  • Croatian-Venetian wars (7th century - 15th century)
  • Declares independence in Pactum Lotharii (840 AD)
  • Venetian Crusade (1122-1124)
  • Sack of Constantinople (1204)
  • Venetian-Genoese wars (1256-1381)
  • Ottoman-Venetian wars (1396-1718)
  • Wars in Lombardy (1423-1454)
  • War of the League of Cambrai (1508-1516)
  • Morean War (1684-1699)
  • Lost Morea in Treaty of Passarowitz (1718)
  • Partitioned to France and Austria (1797)

Sources
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Collection of facts about the Republic of Genoa

This post is a collection of facts about the Republic of Genoa (1099-1815). There are 13 facts listed below.

  • Based in northwestern Italy
  • Colonies included Corsica, Monaco, Crimea, Lesbos, Chios, Tripoli, Sardinia, Antioch, Egypt, Acre
  • First Crusade (1096-1099)
  • Siege of Antioch (1098)
  • Siege of Jerusalem (1099)
  • Venetian-Genoese wars (1256-1381)
  • Treaty of Nymphaeum with Empire of Nicaea (1261)
  • Fought Republic of Pisa at Battle of Meloria (1284)
  • Bank of Saint George established (1407)
  • War of the Reunions (1683-1684)
  • Conquered by Napoleon and replaced by Ligurian Republic (1797)
  • Regained sovereignty (1814)
  • Annexed by Kingdom of Sardinia (1815)

Sources
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Thursday, July 17, 2025

Basic timeline of England names

This post is a basic timeline of England names. There are 4 names listed below chronologically.

  • Kingdom of England (10th century - 1707)
  • Kingdom of Great Britain (1707-1800)
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801-1922)
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1922 - now)

Sources
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Collection of facts about Prussia

This post is a collection of facts about Prussia (1525-1947). There are 36 facts listed below.

  • Based in North European Plain
  • Capitals: Königsberg (1525-1701) and Berlin (1701-1947)
  • Old Prussians conquered by Teutonic Knights (12th century)
  • Prussian Confederation formed (1440)
  • Thirteen Years' War (1454-1466)
  • Second Peace of Thorn (1466)
  • Royal Prussia province of Kingdom of Poland (1466-1569)
  • Duchy of Prussia (1525-1701)
  • Brandenburg-Prussia union (1618-1701)
  • Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)
  • Second Northern War (1654-1660)
  • Franco-Dutch War (1671-1678)
  • Great Northern War (1700-1721)
  • Kingdom of Prussia (1701-1918)
  • Frederick the Great (r. 1740-1786)
  • War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748)
  • Silesian Wars (1740-1763)
  • Seven Years' War (1756-1763)
  • Partitions of Poland (1772-1795)
  • War of the Bavarian Succession (1778-1779)
  • French Revolutionary Wars (1792-1802)
  • Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815)
  • German Confederation (1815-1866)
  • German Revolutions of 1848-1849
  • First War of Schleswig (1848-1851)
  • Second War of Schleswig (1864)
  • Austro-Prussian War (1866)
  • North German Confederation (1867-1871)
  • Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
  • German Empire (1871-1918)
  • World War I (1914-1918)
  • Free State of Prussia (1918-1947)
  • Weimar Republic (1918-1933)
  • Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich (1934)
  • World War II (1939-1945)
  • Prussia abolished by Allied Control Council (1947)

Sources
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Wednesday, July 16, 2025

Collection of facts about the Ottoman Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Ottoman Empire (c. 1299 - 1922). There are 32 facts listed below.

  • Based in Anatolia
  • Occupied Southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa
  • Capitals: Söğüt, Nicaea, Bursa, Adrianople and Constantinople
  • Founded by Osman I (c. 1299)
  • Byzantine-Ottoman wars (1299-1453)
  • Hungarian-Ottoman wars (1366-1718)
  • Ottoman-Venetian wars (1396-1718)
  • Albanian-Ottoman wars (1432-1479)
  • Fall of Constantinople (1453)
  • Spanish-Ottoman wars (1492-1792)
  • Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520-1566)
  • Ottoman-Habsburg wars (1526-1791)
  • Siege of Vienna (1529)
  • Great Siege of Malta (1565)
  • Russo-Turkish wars (1568-1918)
  • Battle of Lepanto (1571)
  • Great Turkish War (1683-1699)
  • Battle of Vienna (1683)
  • Serbian Revolution (1804-1815)
  • Greek War of Independence (1821-1829)
  • First Egyptian-Ottoman War (1831-1833)
  • Second Egyptian-Ottoman War (1839-1841)
  • Crimean War (1853-1856)
  • Romanian War of Independence (1877-1878)
  • Young Turk Revolution (1908)
  • First Balkan War (1912-1913)
  • Greek genocide (1913-1923)
  • World War I (1914-1918)
  • Armenia genocide (1915-1917)
  • Turkish War of Independence (1919-1923)
  • Treaty of Sèvres (1920)
  • Succeeded by Republic of Turkey

Sources
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Collection of facts about the Holy Roman Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Holy Roman Empire (800 - 1806 AD). There are 14 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

  • Occupied Germany, Czechia, Austria, Netherlands, Switzerland, Slovenia, Luxembourg, eastern France, northern Italy and western Poland
  • Monarch elected by prince-electors
  • Charlemagne crowned Emperor of the Romans by Pope Leo III (800 AD)
  • Otto I crowned Emperor of the Romans (962 AD)
  • Investiture Controversy (11th - 12th centuries)
  • Concordat of Worms (1122)
  • Renamed from 'Roman Empire' to 'Holy Roman Empire' (1254)
  • Renamed to 'Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation' (1512)
  • Peace of Augsburg (1555)
  • Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)
  • Peace of Westphalia (1648)
  • Battle of Vienna (1683)
  • Conquered by Napoleon (1806)
  • Succeeded by Confederation of the Rhine
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Tuesday, July 15, 2025

List of key virtues in Confucianism

This post is a list of the key virtues in Confucianism. There are 5 virtues listed below. Source: Wikipedia

  • Ren (benevolence)
  • Yi (righteousness)
  • Li (propriety)
  • Zhi (wisdom)
  • Xin (sincerity)
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Collection of quotes about the ENIAC

This post is a collection of quotes about ENIAC (completed in 1945). There are 3 quotes listed below. License: CC BY-SA 4.0

1. "...first programmable, electronic, general-purpose digital computer..." (Wikipedia: ENIAC, 6.26.25 UTC 12: 50)

2. "... a large collection of arithmetic machines, which originally had programs set up into the machine by a combination of plugboard wiring and three portable function tables (containing 1,200 ten-way switches each)." (Wikipedia: ENIAC, 6.26.25 UTC 12: 50)

3. "...contained 18,000 vacuum tubes, 7,200 crystal diodes, 1,500 relays, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors, and approximately 5,000,000 hand-soldered joints... roughly 8 feet tall, 3 feet deep and 100 feet long..." (Wikipedia: ENIAC, 6.26.25 UTC 12: 50)
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List of internet posts

This post is a list of internet posts for this blog. There are 60 posts listed below chronologically by historical date or post date

    Internet history (42)

    Miscellaneous internet
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Sunday, July 13, 2025

List of Middle Eastern history posts

This post is list of Middle Eastern history posts for this blog. There are 19 posts listed below by topic and chronologically by historical date or post date.

    Civilizations, empires and nations (16)

    Miscellaneous
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List of European history posts

This post is a list of European history posts for this blog. There are 73 posts listed below by topic and chronologically by historical date or post date.

    Civilizations, empires and nations (39)

    Dynasties (8)
    Events (16)

    Miscellaneous
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Saturday, July 12, 2025

List of Chinese history posts

This post is a Chinese history posts for this blog. There are 26 posts* listed below by topic and chronologically by historical date or post date.

    Dynasties (14)

    Events (8)

* not counting Basic timeline of China (already listed at List of country history posts)
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Collection of facts about the Qing dynasty

This post is a collection of facts about the Qing dynasty (1636-1912). There are 13 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

  • Succeeded Later Jin dynasty and Ming dynasty
  • Capital: Beijing, China
  • Hong Taiji was first emperor
  • Dzungar-Qing Wars (1687-1758)
  • Ten Great Campaigns by Qianlong Emperor (1747-1792)
  • First Opium War (1839-1842)
  • Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864)
  • Second Opium War (1856-1860)
  • Self-Strengthening Movement (1861-1895)
  • First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)
  • Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901)
  • Xinhai Revolution (1911-1912)
  • Succeeded by Repbulic of China
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Collection of facts about the Ming dynasty

This post is a collection of facts about the Ming dynasty (1368-1644). There are 16 facts listed below.

  • Succeeded Yuan dynasty
  • Founded by Hongwu Emperor
  • Capitals: Nanjing and Beijing, China
  • Jingnan campaign civil war (1399-1402)
  • Ming treasure voyages (1405-1433)
  • Yongle Emperor's campaigns against Mongols (1410-1424)
  • Tumu Crisis with Oirats (1449)
  • Rebellion of Cao Qin (1461)
  • Shaanxi earthquake of 1556
  • Ordos campaign in Ningxia (1592)
  • Great Plague of 1633-1644
  • Jiashen Incident in Beijing (1644)
  • Conquered by Shun dynasty
  • Succeeded by Qing dynasty
  • Southern Ming dynasty retreated to Southern China
  • Southern Ming dynasty conquered by Qing dynasty (1662)

Sources
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Collection of facts about the Yuan dynasty

This post is a collection of facts about the Yuan dynasty (1271-1368). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

  • Succeeded the Mongol Empire and Song dynasty
  • Based in East China
  • Founded by Kublai Khan
  • Defeated Song dynasty at Battle of Yamen (1279)
  • Red Turban Rebellion by Song loyalists (1351-1368)
  • Conquered by Ming dynasty (1368)
  • Northern Yuan dynasty retreated to Mongolia
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Collection of facts about the Great Jin

This post is a collection of facts about the Great Jin (1115-1234). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

  • Based in Manchuria, China
  • Jurchen people
  • Ruled by Wanyan clan
  • Conquered Liao dynasty (1125)
  • Jin-Song wars (1125-1234)
  • Invaded by Mongol Empire (1211-1234)
  • Conquered by Mongol Empire
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Friday, July 11, 2025

Collection of facts about the Song dynasty

This post is a collection of facts about the Song dynasty (960 - 1279 AD). There are 11 facts listed below.

  • Succeeded Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
  • Based in East China
  • Invention of gunpowder weapons
  • Rivalry with Liao, Western Xia and Jin dynasties
  • Northern Song period (960-1127)
  • Song-Đại Việt War (1075-1077)
  • Jin-Song wars (1125-1234)
  • Southern Song period (1127-1279)
  • Invaded by Mongol Empire (1235-1279)
  • Battle of Xiangyang (1268-1273)
  • Conquered by Yuan dynasty and Mongol Empire

Sources
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Collection of facts about the Liao dynasty

This post is a collection of facts about the Liao dynasty (916 - 1125 AD). There are 8 facts listed below.

  • Also known as Khitan State
  • Based in Northeastern China and Mongolia
  • Ruled by Yelü clan
  • Abaoji becomes emperor (916)
  • Goryeo-Khitan War (993, 1010, 1018-1019)
  • Fought Northern Song dynasty (1004)
  • Conquered by Jurchens (1125)
  • Succeeded by Great Jin and Qara Khitai

Sources
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Collection of facts about the Tang dynasty

This post is a collection of facts about the Tang dynasty (618 - 907 AD). There are 10 facts listed below.

  • Succeeded Sui dynasty
  • Capitals: Chang'an and Luoyang, China
  • Fought Eastern Turks (629 - 630 AD)
  • Tang campaigns against the Western Turks (640 - 712 AD)
  • Wu Zhou interregnum (690 - 705 AD)
  • An Lushan rebellion (755 - 763 AD)
  • Fought Uyghur Khaganate in Mongolia (840 -847 AD)
  • Huichang persecution of Buddhism (841 - 846 AD)
  • Guangzhou massacre (878 - 879 AD)
  • Succeeded by Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period

Sources
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Collection of facts about the Sui dynasty

This post is a collection of facts about the Sui dynasty (581 - 618 AD). There are 7 facts listed below.

  • Succeeded Northern and Southern dynasties era
  • Reunified China
  • Capitals: Chang'an and Luoyang
  • Founded by Yang Jian
  • Sui-Lâm Ấp War in Vietnam (605 AD)
  • Defeated in Goguryeo-Sui War (598, 612 - 614 AD)
  • Defeated in civil war with Tang dynasty (613- 628 AD)

Sources
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Thursday, July 10, 2025

Collection of facts about the Shang dynasty

This post is a collection of facts about the Shang dynasty (c. 1600 - 1046 BC). There are 7 facts listed below.

  • Existence supported by archaeological evidence
  • Based on Yellow River
  • Earliest Chinese writing (oracle bones)
  • Overthrew Xia dynasty in Battle of Mingtiao (c. 1600 BC)
  • Tang was the first ruler
  • Defeated in Battle of Muye (c. 1046 BC)
  • Succeeded by Zhou dynasty

Sources
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Collection of facts about the Xia dynasty

This post is a collection of facts about the Xia dynasty (c. 2070 - 1600 BC). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

  • First dynasty of China
  • Disputed existence by some scholars
  • Earliest mention in the Book of Documents during Zhou dynasty
  • Based on Yellow River
  • Great Flood lead to unification of tribes
  • Founded by legendary Yu the Great
  • Possible association with Erlitou culture
  • Succeeded by Shang dynasty
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Collection of facts about the Jin dynasty

This post is a collection of facts about the Jin dynasty (266 - 420 AD). There are 11 facts listed below.

  • Succeeded Cao Wei
  • Western Jin period (266 - 316 AD)
  • Conquered Eastern Wu (280 AD)
  • War of the Eight Princes (291 - 306 AD)
  • Upheaval of the Five Barbarians (304 - 316 AD)
  • Luoyang captured (311 AD)
  • Chang'an captured (316 AD)
  • Eastern Jin period (317 - 420 AD)
  • Defeat Former Qin dynasty at Battle of Fei River (383 AD)
  • Liu Yu's Northern Expeditions (409 - 416 AD)
  • Succeeded by Liu Song dynasty and Sixteen Kingdoms period
Sources
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Wednesday, July 9, 2025

Collection of facts about the Han Dynasty

This post is a collection of facts about the Han dynasty (202 BC - 220 AD). There are 13 facts listed below.

  • Succeeded Qin dynasty
  • Capitals: Chang'an, Lyoyang, and Xuchang, China
  • Chu-Han Contention (206 - 202 BC)
  • Liu Bang was first ruler (202 - 195 BC)
  • Southward expansion (2nd century BC)
  • Rebellion of the Seven States (154 BC)
  • Emperor Wu ruled (141 - 87 BC)
  • Han-Xiongnu Wars (133 BC - 89 AD)
  • Conquered Gojoseon (108 BC)
  • Interrupted by Xin dynasty (9 - 23 AD)
  • Yellow Turban Rebellion (184 - 205 AD)
  • Conquered by Cao Wei (220 AD)
  • Followed by the Three Kingdom period (220 - 280 AD)

Sources
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Collection of facts about the Qin dynasty

This post is a collection of facts about the Qin dynasty (221 - 206 BC). There are 8 facts listed below.

  • Qin state established (c. 9th century BC)
  • Capital: Xianyang, China
  • Warring States period (c. 474 - 221 BC)
  • Qin's wars of unification (230 - 221 BC)
  • Qin Shi Huang becomes Emperor (221 BC)
  • Qin Shi Huang dies (210 BC)
  • Chu-Han Contention (206 -202 BC)
  • Succeeded by Han dynasty

Sources
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Collection of facts about the Zhou dynasty

This post is a collection of facts about the Zhou dynasty (c. 1046 - 256 BC). There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

  • Based in the North China Plain
  • Introduced the Mandate of Heaven
  • Confucianism, Taoism and Legalism established
  • Western Zhou period (c. 1046 - 771 BC)
  • Fought Shang dynasty in Battle of Muye (c. 1046 BC)
  • Eastern Zhou period (771 BC - 256 BC)
  • Spring and Autumn period (c. 771 - 481 BC)
  • Warring States period (c. 475 - 221 BC)
  • Conquered by Qin dynasty (256 BC)
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Monday, July 7, 2025

Collection of facts about Great Moravia

This post is a collection of facts about Great Moravia (c. 833 - 907 AD). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

  • West Slavic origin
  • Based in Central Europe and Czech Republic
  • Named after Morava River
  • Founded by Mojmír I
  • Rastislav ruled 846 - 870 AD
  • Fought East Francia for independence
  • Svatopluk I ruled 870 - 894 AD
  • Conquered by Hungarians
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Collection of facts about the Grand Duchy of Lithuania

This post is a collection of facts about the Grandy Duchy of Lithuania (c. 1236 - 1795). There are 11 facts listed below.

  • Formed by Lithuanian Baltic tribes
  • Existed as Kingdom of Lithuania (1251-1263)
  • Occupied parts of Belarus, Lithuania, Ukraine, Latvia, Moldova, Poland, Russia
  • Lithuanian Crusade (1283-1422)
  • Ruled by Gediminid and Jagiellonian dynasties (14th - 16th centuries)
  • Union of Krewo with the Kingdom of Poland (1386)
  • Lithuanian Civil War (1389-1392)
  • Muscovite-Lithuanian Wars (15th - 16th centuries)
  • Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth established (1569)
  • Constitution of 3 May 1791
  • Partitioned by Russia, Prussia and Austria (1795)

Sources
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Saturday, July 5, 2025

List of OPEC countries (2025)

This post is a list of OPEC countries as of 2025. There are 12 countries listed below alphabetically. Source: Wikipedia

  • Algeria
  • Equatorial Guinea
  • Gabon
  • Iran
  • Iraq
  • Kuwait
  • Libya
  • Nigeria
  • Republic of the Congo
  • Saudi Arabia
  • United Arab Emirates
  • Venezuela

(Former members: Angola, Ecuador, Indonesia, Qatar)
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List of BRICS countries (2025)

This post is a list of BRICS countries as of 2025. There are 10 countries listed below alphabetically. Source: Wikipedia

  • Brazil
  • China
  • Egypt
  • Ethiopia
  • India
  • Indonesia
  • Iran
  • Russia
  • South Africa
  • United Arab Emirates
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List of Carlist wars

This post is a list of the Carlist wars (1833-1876) in Spain. There are 3 wars listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

  • First Carlist War: 1833-1840
  • Second Carlist War: 1846-1849
  • Third Carlist War: 1872-1876
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Top 30 largest lakes

This post is a list of the top 30 largest lakes. Source: Wikipedia
  1. Caspian (Iran, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Russia)
  2. Superior (Canada, United States)
  3. Victoria (Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya)
  4. Huron (Canada, United States)
  5. Michigan (United States)
  6. Tanganyika (Tanzania, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi, Zambia)
  7. Baikal (Russia)
  8. Great Bear (Canada)
  9. Malawi (Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania)
  10. Great Slave (Canada)
  11. Erie (Canada, United States)
  12. Winnipeg (Canada)
  13. Ontario (Canada, United States)
  14. Ladoga (Russia)
  15. Balkhash (Kazakhstan)
  16. Vostok (Antarctica)
  17. Onega (Russia)
  18. Titicaca (Peru, Bolivia)
  19. Nicaragua (Nicaragua)
  20. Athabasca (Canada)
  21. Reindeer (Canada)
  22. Turkana (Kenya, Ethiopia)
  23. Issyk-Kul (Kyrgyzstan)
  24. Vänern (Sweden)
  25. Rukwa (Tanzania)
  26. Albert (Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo)
  27. Nettilling (Canada)
  28. Winnipegosis (Canada)
  29. Mweru (Zambia, Democratic Republic of the Congo)
  30. Nipigon (Candada)
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Collection of Chinese dynasties

This post is a collection of Chinese dynasties. There are 26 dynasties listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

  • Xia (c. 2070 - 1600 BC)
  • Shang (c. 1600 - 1046 BC)
  • Zhou (c. 1046 - 256 BC)
  • Qin (221 - 206 BC)
  • Nanyue (204 - 111 BC)
  • Han (206 BC - 220 AD)
  • Cao Wei* (220-266)
  • Shu Han* (221-263)
  • Eastern Wu* (222-280)
  • Jin (266-420)
  • Northern Wei** (386-535)
  • Liu Song** (420-479)
  • Southern Qi** (479-502)
  • Liang** (502-557)
  • Northern Qi** (550-577)
  • Northern Zhou** (557-581)
  • Chen** (557-589)
  • Sui (581-618)
  • Tang (618-907)
  • Liao*** (916-1125)
  • Song*** (960-1279)
  • Western Xia (1038-1227)
  • Great Jin (1115-1234)
  • Yuan (1271-1368)
  • Ming (1368-1644)
  • Qing (1636-1912)

* part of the Three Kingdoms period (220-280)
** part of the Northern and Southern dynasties period (420-589)
*** existed during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (907-979)
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List of G7 countries

This post is a list of G7 countries. There are 7 countries listed below alphabetically. Source: Wikipedia

  • Canada
  • France
  • Germany
  • Italy
  • Japan
  • United Kingdom
  • United States
Posted by at

Wednesday, July 2, 2025

List of lands occupied by the Mongol Empire

This post is a list of lands occupied by the Mongol Empire (1206-1368). There are 22 modern countries and 2 geographic regions listed below alphabetically. Source: Wikipedia

  • Afghanistan
  • Armenia
  • Azerbaijan
  • Belarus
  • China
  • Georgia
  • Iran
  • Iraq
  • Kashmir*
  • Kazakhstan
  • Kyrgyzstan
  • Moldova
  • Mongolia
  • Myanmar
  • North Korea
  • Pakistan
  • Romania
  • Siberia*
  • South Korea
  • Tajikistan
  • Turkey
  • Turkmenistan
  • Ukraine
  • Uzbekistan

* geographic region
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Monday, June 30, 2025

Collection of facts about the Pannonian Avars

This post is a collection of facts about the Pannonian Avars (567 - 822 AD). There are 9 facts listed below.

  • Also known as Avar Khaganate
  • Based in eastern Europe and the Pannonian Basin
  • Bayan I was the first khagan (562 - 602 AD)
  • Avar-Byzantine wars (568 - 626 AD)
  • Maurice's Balkan campaigns (582 - 602 AD)
  • Byzantine-Sasanian War (602- 628 AD)
  • Failed Siege of Constantinople (626 AD)
  • Avar Wars (788 - 803 AD)
  • Conquered by Carolingian Empire

Sources
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Collection of facts about the Grand Principality of Moscow

This post is a collection of facts about the Grand Principality of Moscow (1263-1547). There are 10 facts listed below.

  • Becomes principality of Valdimir-Suzdal (1263)
  • Rivalry with principality of Tver
  • Battle of Kulikovo (1380)
  • Siege of Moscow (1382)
  • Becomes grand principality (1389)
  • Muscovite War of Succession (1425-1453)
  • Great Stand on the Ugra River (1480)
  • Muscovite-Lithuanian wars (15th - 16th centuries)
  • Ivan IV becomes first Russian tsar (1547)
  • Succeeded by Tsardom of Russia

Sources
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Sunday, June 29, 2025

Collection of facts about the Novgorod Republic

This post is a collection of facts about the Novgorod Republic (1136-1478). There are 12 facts listed below.

  • Succeeded the Kievan Rus'
  • Based in northern Russia
  • Prince Vsevolod Mstislavich overthrown (1136)
  • Novgorod veche established (1136)
  • Finnish-Novgorodian wars (11th - 13th centuries)
  • Swedish-Novgorodian wars (12th - 13th centuries)
  • Battle on the Ice (1242)
  • Pskov gains independence from Novgorod (1348)
  • Treaty of Yazhelbitsy (1456)
  • Battle of Sheldon (1471)
  • Invaded by Moscow and Ivan III (1478)
  • Succeeded by the Grand Principality of Moscow

Sources
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Collection of facts about Vladimir-Suzdal

This post is a collection of facts about Vladimir-Suzdal (1125-1389). There are 10 facts listed below.

  • Succeeded the Kievan Rus'
  • Based in northeastern Russia
  • Founded by Yury Dolgoruky (r. 1125 - 1157)
  • Suzdalian war of succession (1174-1177)
  • Battle of Lipitsa (1216)
  • Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' (1223, 1237-1241)
  • Fragmentation into appanages (13th century)
  • Tver Uprising (1327)
  • Great Troubles (1359-1381)
  • Succeeded by the Grand Principality of Moscow

Sources
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Collection of facts about the Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia

This post is a collection of facts about the Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia (1199-1349). There are 11 facts listed below.

  • Principality of Galicia-Volhynia (1199-1253)
  • Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia (1253-1349)
  • Succeeded the Kievan Rus'
  • Based in Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, Moldova and Lithuania
  • War of the Galician Succession (1205-1245)
  • Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' (1223, 1237-1241)
  • Pledged allegiance to Golden Horde (1246)
  • Kuremsa war with Golden Horde (1252-1258)
  • Galicia-Volhynia Wars (1340-1392)
  • Galicia annexed by Kingdom of Poland (1349)
  • Volhynia annexed by Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1349)

Sources
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Collection of facts about the Second Bulgarian Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185-1422). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

  • Based in southeast Europe, northern Greece and the Balkans
  • Capital: Tarnovo (until 1393)
  • Peter II and Ivan Asen I lead rebellion to overthrow Byzantine Empire (1185)
  • Frequently invaded by Mongols, Byzantines, Hungarians and Serbs
  • Defeated Latin Empire in Battle of Adrianople (1205)
  • Uprising of Ivaylo (1277-1280)
  • Battle of Nicopolis (1396)
  • Resistance to Byzantine Empire ends (1422)
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Saturday, June 28, 2025

Collection of facts about the First Bulgarian Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the First Bulgarian Empire. (681 - 1018 AD). There are 9 facts listed below.

  • Founded by Asparuh and Bulgars
  • Based in southeast Europe around Danube River
  • Recognized by Byzantine Empire after defeating Slavic tribes
  • Fought Pechenegs, Cumans and Magyars
  • Byzantine-Bulgarian wars (680 - 1355 AD)
  • Failed siege of Constantinople (923 - 924 AD)
  • Adopted Christianity (864 AD)
  • Invaded by Kievan Rus (967 - 969 AD)
  • Annexed by Byzantine Empire (1018 AD)

Sources
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Collection of facts about the Kingdom of Bohemia

This post is a collection of facts about the Kingdom of Bohemia (1198-1918). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

  • Predecessor state of Czech Republic
  • Imperial State in the Holy Roman Empire
  • Capital: Prague
  • Established by the Přemyslid dynasty (12th century)
  • Later ruled by House of Luxembourg, Jagiellonian and Habsburg
  • After Holy Roman Empire dissolution, became part of Austrian Empire (1806)
  • After Austria-Hungary dissolution, became part of Czechoslovak Republic (1918)
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Collection of facts about the Fatimid Caliphate

This post is a collection of facts about the Fatimid Caliphate (909 - 1171 AD). There are 10 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

  • Overthrew Aghlabid dynasty in 909 AD
  • Existed during the Abbasid Caliphate
  • Based in Ifriqiya (Tunisia and eastern Algeria)
  • Extended to Egypt, Maghreb, Sicily and Levant
  • Ruled by Isma'ili Shi'a dynasty
  • Rulers descended from Muhammad's daughter Fatima and Ali
  • Conquered Egypt in 969 AD 
  • Capital moved from Tunisia to Cairo in 973 AD
  • Fought Seljuk Empire and Crusaders in Levant
  • Succeed by Ayyubid dynasty in 1171 AD
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Collection of facts about the Abbasid Caliphate

This post is a collection of facts about the Abbasid Caliphate (750 - 1517 AD). There are 12 facts listed below.

  • Third caliphate after Muhammad's death
  • Ruled by descendants of Muhammad's uncle Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib
  • Overthrew Umayyad Caliphate in Abbasid Revolution (750 AD)
  • Capitals: Baghdad (762-836, 892-1258 AD), Cairo (1261-1517)
  • Fourth Fitna (civil war): 811 - 813/837 AD
  • Anarchy at Samarra (861 - 870 AD)
  • Buyids conquer Baghdad (945 AD)
  • Seljuks conquer Baghdad (1055)
  • Abbasids regain independence (1165)
  • Mongols siege Baghdad (1258)
  • Abbasids regain control of Baghdad (1261)
  • Conquered by Ottoman Empire (1517)

Sources
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Collection of facts about the Umayyad Caliphate

This post is a collection of facts about the Umayyad Caliphate (661 - 750 AD). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

  • Second caliphate after Muhammad's death
  • Capital: Damascus (modern-day Syria) until 744 AD
  • Mu'awiya I ruled as caliph (661 - 680 AD)
  • Conquered Ifriqiya, Transoxiana, Sind, Maghreb, Hispania
  • Second Fitna (civil war): 680 - 692 AD
  • Third Fitna (civil war): 744 - 750 AD
  • Abbasid revolution (747 - 750 AD)
  • Succeeded by Abbasid Caliphate and Emirate of Córdoba
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Collection of facts about the Rashidun Caliphate

This post is a collection of facts about the Rashidun Caliphate (632 - 661 AD). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

  • Reign of the first caliphs after Muhammad's death
  • Muhammad died in 632 AD
  • Capital: Medina (modern-day Saudi Arabia) until 656 AD
  • Caliphs: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and Ali
  • Shia Muslims reject first three caliphs
  • Conquered Arabian Peninsula, most of Byzantine Empire and Sasanian Empire
  • First Fitna (civil war): 656 - 661 AD
  • Succeeded by the Umayyad Caliphate
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Collection of facts about the Hittites

This post is a collection of facts about the Hittites (c. 1650 - 1180 BC). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

  • Based in Anatolia (modern-day Turkey)
  • Capital: Hattusa
  • Fought Egypt, Assyria and Mitanni
  • Šuppiluliuma I ruled c. 1350 - 1322 BC
  • Extended to northern Levant and Mesopotamia (14th century BC)
  • Most territory annexed by Assyrian Empire (12th century BC)
  • Smaller states survived until annexed by Assyrian Empire (8th century BC)
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Collection of facts about Mycenaean Greece

This post is a collection of facts about Mycenaean Greece (c. 1750 - 1050 BC). There are 6 facts listed below.

  • First advanced Greek civilization
  • Influenced by Minoan Crete
  • Linear B script (first records of Greek language)
  • Religion included some Olympic pantheon deities
  • Trojan War (c. 12th - 13th century BC)
  • Unknown collapse followed by Greek Dark Ages

Sources
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Collection of facts about Macedonia

This post is a collection of facts about Macedonia (7th century - 148 BC). There are 12 facts listed below.

  • Based in northeastern Greek peninsula
  • Ruled by Argead, Antipatrid and Antigonid dynasties
  • Achaemenid Macedonia (512-499, 493-479 BC)
  • Ionian revolt (499 - 493 BC)
  • Philip II ruled 359 - 336 BC
  • Philip II defeats Athens and Thebes (338 BC)
  • Hellenic League established (338 / 337 BC)
  • Wars of Alexander the Great (336 - 323 BC)
  • Defeated Achaemenid Empire and extended to Indus River
  • Wars of Alexander's Successors (322 - 281 BC)
  • Fought Greek kingdoms in Macedonian Wars (214 - 148 BC)
  • Succeeded by Seleucid Empire, Ptolemaic Kingdom, Macedonia province and Kingdom of Pergamon

Sources
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Friday, June 27, 2025

Collection of facts about the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

This post is a collection of facts about the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569-1795). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

  • Consisted of Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania
  • Federative real union from the Union of Lublin (1569)
  • Previously in personal union from the Krewo Agreement (1385)
  • Jagiellonian dynasty ended in 1572
  • Followed by constitutional monarchy: parliament and elective monarchy
  • First European codified constitution (1791)
  • Partitioned by Austria, Prussia and Russia (late 18th century)
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Collection of facts about the Celts

This post is a collection of facts about the Celts. There are 8 facts listed below.

  • Includes Gauls, Celtiberians, Gallaeci, Britons, Picts, Gaels, Boii, Galatians
  • Related Celtic languages and cultures
  • First undisputed Celtic inscriptions (6th century BC)
  • Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula (220 BC - 19 BC)
  • Gallic Wars (58 - 50 BC)
  • Roman conquest of Britain (43 - 84 AD)
  • Most Celtic territories annexed to the Roman Empire
  • Celtic culture remained in Ireland, Britain and Brittany

Sources
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Collection of facts about the Lombards

This post is a collection of quotes about the Lombards. There are 7 quotes listed below. Source: Wikipedia

  • Origins from northern Germany
  • Possible lineage Winnili tribe or Suebian people
  • Migrated south to modern-day Austria, Slovakia and Hungary
  • Fought the Heruls and Gepids
  • Conquered most of northern and central Italy (6th century AD)
  • Kingdom of the Lombards (568 - 774 AD)
  • Conquered by Charlemagne and the Franks (774 AD)
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Collection of facts about the Huns

This post is a collection of facts about the Huns. There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

  • Nomadic people from Eastern Europe and Central Asia
  • Arrived at the Volga River (370 AD)
  • Fought the Goths and Alans
  • Contributed to the Great Migration
  • Ruled by Attila (435 - 453 AD)
  • Invaded Roman province Gaul (451 AD)
  • Invaded Italy (452 AD)
  • Decline in influence after death of Attila (453 AD)
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Thursday, June 26, 2025

Collection of facts about the Normans

This post is a collection of facts about the Normans. There are 8 facts listed below.

  • Based on French northern coast
  • Norse Viking and West Francia lineage
  • County of Rouen (Duchy of Normandy) formed in 911 AD
  • Viking leader Rollo swears fealty to West Francia
  • Norman conquest of southern Italy (999 - 1194 AD)
  • Norman conquest of England (1066 AD)
  • Founded Kingdom of Sicily (1130 AD)
  • Fought in Iberian Reconquista (11th - 13th centuries)

Sources
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Collection of facts about the Visigothic Kingdom

This post is a collection of facts about the Visigothic Kingdom (418 - 720 AD). There are 13 facts listed below.

  • Germanic people from the Danube Valley
  • Based in the Iberian Peninsula and southwestern France
  • Capitals: Toulouse, Barcelona and Toledo
  • Sack of Rome (410 AD)
  • Established as a Roman foederati (418 AD)
  • Fought Vandals, Alans and Suebi
  • Fought Huns at the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains (451 AD)
  • Gained independence from Roman Empire (476 AD)
  • Franco-Visigothic Wars (496 - 508 AD)
  • Byzantine Spania (552 - 624 AD)
  • Annexed Suebic Kingdom (585 AD)
  • Visigothic Code completed (654 AD)
  • Conquered by Umayyad Caliphate (711 - 719 AD)

Sources
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Collection of facts about the Byzantine Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Byzantine Empire (330 - 1453 AD). There are 15 facts listed below.

  • Continuation of the Eastern Roman Empire
  • Capital: Constantinople
  • State religion: Christianity
  • Theodosius I ruled 379 - 395 AD
  • Justinian I ruled 527 - 565 AD
  • Justinian I reconquered Italy in the Gothic War (535 - 554 AD)
  • Plague of Justinian (541 - 549 AD)
  • Byzantine-Sasanian War (602-628 AD)
  • Levant and Egypt lost to Rashidun Caliphate
  • Africa lost to Umayyad Caliphate
  • Komnenian restoration (1081 - 1185 AD)
  • Sack of Constantinople 1204 AD
  • Constantinople recovered 1261 AD
  • Byzantine-Ottoman wars (1299 - 1453 AD)
  • Conquered by Ottoman Empire 1453 AD

Sources
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Collection of facts about the Ostrogoths

This post is a collection of facts about the Ostrogoths. There are 8 facts listed below.

  • Germanic people from the Balkans
  • Ostrogothic Kingdom (493 - 553 AD)
  • Controlled Italy, Southern France and the Balkans
  • Succeeded the Kingdom of Italy and Odoacer
  • Ruled by Theodoric the Great (493 - 526 AD)
  • Capital: Ravenna (until 540 AD), then Pavia
  • Gothic War with the Byzantine Empire (535 - 554 AD)
  • Italy lost to the Byzantine Empire and Justinian I

Sources
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Wednesday, June 25, 2025

Collection of facts about Assyria

This post is a collection of facts about Assyria (2025 - 609 BC). There are 8 facts listed below.

  • Based in northern Mesopotamia
  • Capital: Assur
  • Rivalry with Babylonia in southern Mesopotamia
  • Akkadian, Sumerian and Aramaic languages
  • Founded by Puzur-Ashur I
  • Ruled by Sargonid dynasty (722 - 609 BC)
  • Conquest of Egypt (673 - 663 BC)
  • Conquered by Neo-Babylonian Empire and the Medes

Sources
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Collection of facts about the Akkadian Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Akkadian Empire (2334 - 2154 BC). There are 6 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

  • Based in Mesopotamia, Levant and Anatolia
  • Capital: Akkad
  • Akkadian and Sumerian languages
  • Founded by Sargon of Akkad
  • Defeated Sumerians at Battle of Uruk
  • Succeeded by Gutian period and Third Dynasty of Ur
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Collection of facts about Babylonia

This post is a collection of facts about Babylonia (1890 - 539 BC). There are 9 facts listed below.

  • Based in southern Mesopotamia
  • Capital: Babylon
  • Rivalry with Assyria in northern Mesopotamia
  • Akkadian language and culture
  • Hammurabi ruled 1792 - 1750 BC
  • Kassite dynasty ruled 1531 - 1155 BC
  • Assyrian ruled 911 - 619 BC
  • Neo-Babylonian Empire 626 - 539 BC
  • Fell to Achaemenid Empire 539 BC

Sources
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List of Indochina wars

This post is a list of Indochina wars. There are 3 wars listed below chronologically.

First Indochina War (1946-1954)
"...fought between France and Việt Minh (Democratic Republic of Vietnam), and their respective allies... the conflict engulfed [Vietnam] and also extended into the neighboring French Indochina protectorates of Laos and Cambodia." (Wikipedia: First Indochina War, 6.5.25 UTC 11:07)

Second Indochina War (1955-1975) - Vietnam War
"North Vietnam was supported by the Soviet Union and China, while South Vietnam was supported by the United States and other anti-communist nations.... Vietnam gained independence in the 1954 Geneva Conference but was divided in two at the 17th parallel." (Wikipedia: Vietnam War, 6.20.25 UTC 20:24)

Third Indochina War (1978-1991)
"The conflict primarily started due to continued raids and incursions by the Khmer Rouge into Vietnamese territory that they sought to retake. These incursions would result in the Cambodian-Vietnamese War in which the newly unified Vietnam overthrew the Pol Pot regime and the Khmer Rouge, in turn ending the Cambodian genocide... China strongly objected to the invasion of Cambodia... [and] launched a punitive operation (Sino-Vietnamese War) in February 1979..." (Wikipedia: Third Indochina War, 6.11.25 UTC 15:58)
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Sunday, June 22, 2025

List of wars between India and Pakistan

This post is a list of wars between India and Pakistan. There are 4 wars listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

  • Indo-Pakistani war of 1947-1948
  • Indo-Pakistani war of 1965
  • Indo-Pakistani war of 1971
  • Kargil War (1999)
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Saturday, June 21, 2025

List of countries in Operation Condor

This post is a list of countries in Operation Condor (1975-1983). There are 8 countries listed below alphabetically. Source: Wikipedia

  • Argentina
  • Bolivia
  • Brazil
  • Chile
  • Ecuador
  • Paraguay
  • Peru
  • Uruguay
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Saturday, June 14, 2025

Collection of major Holy Roman Empire dynasties

This post is a collection of major Holy Roman Empire dynasties. There are 8 dynasties listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

  • Carolingian dynasty (r. 800-888, 896-899)
  • Ottonian dynasty (r. 962-1024)
  • Salian dynasty (r. 1027-1125)
  • Hohenstaufen dynasty (r. 1155-1197, 1220-1250)
  • House of Luxembourg (r. 1312-1313, 1355-1437)
  • House of Habsburg (r. 1452-1740)
  • House of Lorraine (r. 1745-1765)
  • House of Habsburg-Lorraine (r. 1765-1806)
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List of capitals in the Roman tetrarchy

This post is a list of capitals in the Roman tetrarchy (established 293 AD). There are 4 capitals listed below alphabetically. The modern city is in parentheses. Source: Wikipedia

  • Augusta Treverorum (Trier, Germany)
  • Mediolanum (Milan, Italy)
  • Nicomedia (İzmit, Turkey)
  • Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia)
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Thursday, June 12, 2025

Top 10 countries by population in 1000

This post is a list of the top 10 countries by population (including possessions) in 1000 AD. Source: Wikipedia
  1. Song China: 32 - 80 million
  2. Chola Empire: 4 - 20 million
  3. Pala Empire: less than 16 - 17 million
  4. Holy Roman Empire: 11 - 12 million
  5. Fatimid Caliphate: 12 million
  6. Byzantine Empire: 12 million
  7. Western Chalukya Empire: 9 - 10 million
  8. Buyid Persia: 6 - 8 million
  9. Khitan Liao: 5 - 7 million
  10. Kingdom of France: 7 million
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Top 10 countries by population in 1700

This post is a list of the top 10 countries by population (including possessions) in 1700. Source: Wikipedia
  1. Mughal Empire: 158 million
  2. Qing Empire: 100 - 150 million
  3. Ottoman Empire: 27 million
  4. Holy Roman Empire: 27 million
  5. Tokugawa Japan: 27 million
  6. Spanish Empire: 24 million
  7. French Republic: 21 million
  8. Russia Empire: 13 million
  9. Joseon: 13 million
  10. Safavid Iran: 10 million
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List of deposed leaders during the Arab Spring

This post is a list of deposed leaders during the Arab Spring (2010-2012). There are 4 leaders listed below alphabetically by country. Source: Wikipedia

  • Egypt: Hosni Mubarak (2011)
  • Libya: Muammar Gaddafi (2011)
  • Tunisia: Zine El Abidine Ben Ali (2011)
  • Yemen: Ali Abdullah Saleh (2012)
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Top 10 countries by HIV/AIDS population (2023-2025)

This post is a list of the top 10 countries by HIV/AIDS population. The statistics are from between 2023 and 2025. The percentage of the adult population is in parentheses. Source: Wikipedia
  1. South Africa: 9.4 million (14%)
  2. Tanzania: 3.3 million (7%)
  3. Mozambique: 2.4 million (12%)
  4. Nigeria: 2.4 million (2%)
  5. India: 2.3 million (0.2%)
  6. Kenya: 1.7 million (5%)
  7. Zimbabwe: 1.6 million (22%)
  8. Malawi: 1.6 million (11%)
  9. Uganda: 1.5 million (5%)
  10. United States: 1.4 million (0.4%)
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Wednesday, June 11, 2025

Collection of seas in the Mediterranean Sea

This post is a collection of seas in the Mediterranean Sea. There are 14 seas listed below alphabetically. Source: Wikipedia

  • Adriatic Sea
  • Aegean Sea
  • Alboran Sea
  • Balearic Sea
  • Crete Sea
  • Ionian Sea
  • Levantine Sea
  • Libyan Sea
  • Ligurian Sea
  • Marmara Sea
  • Myrtoan Sea
  • Sardinia Sea
  • Thracian Sea
  • Tyrrhenian Sea
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Tuesday, June 10, 2025

List of country history posts (present day)

This post is a list of country history posts (present day) for this blog. There are 196 countries listed below alphabetically.

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