Saturday, July 12, 2025

List of Chinese history posts

This post is a Chinese history posts for this blog. There are 26 posts* listed below by topic and chronologically by historical date or post date.

    Dynasties
  1. Xia dynasty (c. 2070 - 1600 BC)
  2. Shang dynasty (c. 1600 - 1046 BC)
  3. Zhou dynasty (c. 1046 - 256 BC)
  4. Qin dynasty (221 - 206 BC)
  5. Han dynasty (202 BC - 220 AD)
  6. Jin dynasty (266 - 420 AD)
  7. Sui dynasty (581 - 618 AD)
  8. Tang dynasty (618 - 907 AD)
  9. Liao dynasty (916 - 1125 AD)
  10. Song dynasty (960 - 1279 AD)
  11. Great Jin (1115-1234)
  12. Yuan dynasty (1271-1368)
  13. Ming dynasty (1368-1644)
  14. Qing dynasty (1636-1912)
    Events
  1. First Opium War (1839-1842)
  2. Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864)
  3. Second Opium War (1856-1860)
  4. First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)
  5. Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901)
  6. 1911 Revolution (1911)
  7. Chinese Civil War (1927-1936, 1945-1949)
  8. 1989 Tiananmen Square massacre (1989)
* not counting Basic timeline of China (already listed at List of country history posts)

Collection of facts about the Qing dynasty

This post is a collection of facts about the Qing dynasty (1636-1912). There are 13 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

  • Succeeded Later Jin dynasty and Ming dynasty
  • Capital: Beijing, China
  • Hong Taiji was first emperor
  • Dzungar-Qing Wars (1687-1758)
  • Ten Great Campaigns by Qianlong Emperor (1747-1792)
  • First Opium War (1839-1842)
  • Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864)
  • Second Opium War (1856-1860)
  • Self-Strengthening Movement (1861-1895)
  • First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)
  • Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901)
  • Xinhai Revolution (1911-1912)
  • Succeeded by Repbulic of China

Collection of facts about the Ming dynasty

This post is a collection of facts about the Ming dynasty (1368-1644). There are 16 facts listed below.

  • Succeeded Yuan dynasty
  • Founded by Hongwu Emperor
  • Capitals: Nanjing and Beijing, China
  • Jingnan campaign civil war (1399-1402)
  • Ming treasure voyages (1405-1433)
  • Yongle Emperor's campaigns against Mongols (1410-1424)
  • Tumu Crisis with Oirats (1449)
  • Rebellion of Cao Qin (1461)
  • Shaanxi earthquake of 1556
  • Ordos campaign in Ningxia (1592)
  • Great Plague of 1633-1644
  • Jiashen Incident in Beijing (1644)
  • Conquered by Shun dynasty
  • Succeeded by Qing dynasty
  • Southern Ming dynasty retreated to Southern China
  • Southern Ming dynasty conquered by Qing dynasty (1662)

Sources

Collection of facts about the Yuan dynasty

This post is a collection of facts about the Yuan dynasty (1271-1368). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

  • Succeeded the Mongol Empire and Song dynasty
  • Based in East China
  • Founded by Kublai Khan
  • Defeated Song dynasty at Battle of Yamen (1279)
  • Red Turban Rebellion by Song loyalists (1351-1368)
  • Conquered by Ming dynasty (1368)
  • Northern Yuan dynasty retreated to Mongolia

Collection of facts about the Great Jin

This post is a collection of facts about the Great Jin (1115-1234). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

  • Based in Manchuria, China
  • Jurchen people
  • Ruled by Wanyan clan
  • Conquered Liao dynasty (1125)
  • Jin-Song wars (1125-1234)
  • Invaded by Mongol Empire (1211-1234)
  • Conquered by Mongol Empire

Friday, July 11, 2025

Collection of facts about the Song dynasty

This post is a collection of facts about the Song dynasty (960 - 1279 AD). There are 11 facts listed below.

  • Succeeded Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
  • Based in East China
  • Invention of gunpowder weapons
  • Rivalry with Liao, Western Xia and Jin dynasties
  • Northern Song period (960-1127)
  • Song-Đại Việt War (1075-1077)
  • Jin-Song wars (1125-1234)
  • Southern Song period (1127-1279)
  • Invaded by Mongol Empire (1235-1279)
  • Battle of Xiangyang (1268-1273)
  • Conquered by Yuan dynasty and Mongol Empire

Sources

Collection of facts about the Liao dynasty

This post is a collection of facts about the Liao dynasty (916 - 1125 AD). There are 8 facts listed below.

  • Also known as Khitan State
  • Based in Northeastern China and Mongolia
  • Ruled by Yelü clan
  • Abaoji becomes emperor (916)
  • Goryeo-Khitan War (993, 1010, 1018-1019)
  • Fought Northern Song dynasty (1004)
  • Conquered by Jurchens (1125)
  • Succeeded by Great Jin and Qara Khitai

Sources

Collection of facts about the Tang dynasty

This post is a collection of facts about the Tang dynasty (618 - 907 AD). There are 10 facts listed below.

  • Succeeded Sui dynasty
  • Capitals: Chang'an and Luoyang, China
  • Fought Eastern Turks (629 - 630 AD)
  • Tang campaigns against the Western Turks (640 - 712 AD)
  • Wu Zhou interregnum (690 - 705 AD)
  • An Lushan rebellion (755 - 763 AD)
  • Fought Uyghur Khaganate in Mongolia (840 -847 AD)
  • Huichang persecution of Buddhism (841 - 846 AD)
  • Guangzhou massacre (878 - 879 AD)
  • Succeeded by Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period

Sources

Collection of facts about the Sui dynasty

This post is a collection of facts about the Sui dynasty (581 - 618 AD). There are 7 facts listed below.

  • Succeeded Northern and Southern dynasties era
  • Reunified China
  • Capitals: Chang'an and Luoyang
  • Founded by Yang Jian
  • Sui-Lâm Ấp War in Vietnam (605 AD)
  • Defeated in Goguryeo-Sui War (598, 612 - 614 AD)
  • Defeated in civil war with Tang dynasty (613- 628 AD)

Sources

Thursday, July 10, 2025

Collection of facts about the Shang dynasty

This post is a collection of facts about the Shang dynasty (c. 1600 - 1046 BC). There are 7 facts listed below.

  • Existence supported by archaeological evidence
  • Based on Yellow River
  • Earliest Chinese writing (oracle bones)
  • Overthrew Xia dynasty in Battle of Mingtiao (c. 1600 BC)
  • Tang was the first ruler
  • Defeated in Battle of Muye (c. 1046 BC)
  • Succeeded by Zhou dynasty

Sources

Collection of facts about the Xia dynasty

This post is a collection of facts about the Xia dynasty (c. 2070 - 1600 BC). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

  • First dynasty of China
  • Disputed existence by some scholars
  • Earliest mention in the Book of Documents during Zhou dynasty
  • Based on Yellow River
  • Great Flood lead to unification of tribes
  • Founded by legendary Yu the Great
  • Possible association with Erlitou culture
  • Succeeded by Shang dynasty

Collection of facts about the Jin dynasty

This post is a collection of facts about the Jin dynasty (266 - 420 AD). There are 11 facts listed below.

  • Succeeded Cao Wei
  • Western Jin period (266 - 316 AD)
  • Conquered Eastern Wu (280 AD)
  • War of the Eight Princes (291 - 306 AD)
  • Upheaval of the Five Barbarians (304 - 316 AD)
  • Luoyang captured (311 AD)
  • Chang'an captured (316 AD)
  • Eastern Jin period (317 - 420 AD)
  • Defeat Former Qin dynasty at Battle of Fei River (383 AD)
  • Liu Yu's Northern Expeditions (409 - 416 AD)
  • Succeeded by Liu Song dynasty and Sixteen Kingdoms period
Sources

Wednesday, July 9, 2025

Collection of facts about the Han Dynasty

This post is a collection of facts about the Han dynasty (202 BC - 220 AD). There are 13 facts listed below.

  • Succeeded Qin dynasty
  • Capitals: Chang'an, Lyoyang, and Xuchang, China
  • Chu-Han Contention (206 - 202 BC)
  • Liu Bang was first ruler (202 - 195 BC)
  • Southward expansion (2nd century BC)
  • Rebellion of the Seven States (154 BC)
  • Emperor Wu ruled (141 - 87 BC)
  • Han-Xiongnu Wars (133 BC - 89 AD)
  • Conquered Gojoseon (108 BC)
  • Interrupted by Xin dynasty (9 - 23 AD)
  • Yellow Turban Rebellion (184 - 205 AD)
  • Conquered by Cao Wei (220 AD)
  • Followed by the Three Kingdom period (220 - 280 AD)

Sources

Collection of facts about the Qin dynasty

This post is a collection of facts about the Qin dynasty (221 - 206 BC). There are 8 facts listed below.

  • Qin state established (c. 9th century BC)
  • Capital: Xianyang, China
  • Warring States period (c. 474 - 221 BC)
  • Qin's wars of unification (230 - 221 BC)
  • Qin Shi Huang becomes Emperor (221 BC)
  • Qin Shi Huang dies (210 BC)
  • Chu-Han Contention (206 -202 BC)
  • Succeeded by Han dynasty

Sources

Collection of facts about the Zhou dynasty

This post is a collection of facts about the Zhou dynasty (c. 1046 - 256 BC). There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

  • Based in the North China Plain
  • Introduced the Mandate of Heaven
  • Confucianism, Taoism and Legalism established
  • Western Zhou period (c. 1046 - 771 BC)
  • Fought Shang dynasty in Battle of Muye (c. 1046 BC)
  • Eastern Zhou period (771 BC - 256 BC)
  • Spring and Autumn period (c. 771 - 481 BC)
  • Warring States period (c. 475 - 221 BC)
  • Conquered by Qin dynasty (256 BC)

Monday, July 7, 2025

Collection of facts about Great Moravia

This post is a collection of facts about Great Moravia (c. 833 - 907 AD). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

  • West Slavic origin
  • Based in Central Europe and Czech Republic
  • Named after Morava River
  • Founded by Mojmír I
  • Rastislav ruled 846 - 870 AD
  • Fought East Francia for independence
  • Svatopluk I ruled 870 - 894 AD
  • Conquered by Hungarians

Collection of facts about the Grand Duchy of Lithuania

This post is a collection of facts about the Grandy Duchy of Lithuania (c. 1236 - 1795). There are 11 facts listed below.

  • Formed by Lithuanian Baltic tribes
  • Existed as Kingdom of Lithuania (1251-1263)
  • Occupied parts of Belarus, Lithuania, Ukraine, Latvia, Moldova, Poland, Russia
  • Lithuanian Crusade (1283-1422)
  • Ruled by Gediminid and Jagiellonian dynasties (14th - 16th centuries)
  • Union of Krewo with the Kingdom of Poland (1386)
  • Lithuanian Civil War (1389-1392)
  • Muscovite-Lithuanian Wars (15th - 16th centuries)
  • Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth established (1569)
  • Constitution of 3 May 1791
  • Partitioned by Russia, Prussia and Austria (1795)

Sources

Saturday, July 5, 2025

List of OPEC countries (2025)

This post is a list of OPEC countries as of 2025. There are 12 countries listed below alphabetically. Source: Wikipedia

  • Algeria
  • Equatorial Guinea
  • Gabon
  • Iran
  • Iraq
  • Kuwait
  • Libya
  • Nigeria
  • Republic of the Congo
  • Saudi Arabia
  • United Arab Emirates
  • Venezuela

(Former members: Angola, Ecuador, Indonesia, Qatar)

List of BRICS countries (2025)

This post is a list of BRICS countries as of 2025. There are 10 countries listed below alphabetically. Source: Wikipedia

  • Brazil
  • China
  • Egypt
  • Ethiopia
  • India
  • Indonesia
  • Iran
  • Russia
  • South Africa
  • United Arab Emirates

List of Carlist wars

This post is a list of the Carlist wars (1833-1876) in Spain. There are 3 wars listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

  • First Carlist War: 1833-1840
  • Second Carlist War: 1846-1849
  • Third Carlist War: 1872-1876

Top 30 largest lakes

This post is a list of the top 30 largest lakes. Source: Wikipedia
  1. Caspian (Iran, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Russia)
  2. Superior (Canada, United States)
  3. Victoria (Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya)
  4. Huron (Canada, United States)
  5. Michigan (United States)
  6. Tanganyika (Tanzania, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi, Zambia)
  7. Baikal (Russia)
  8. Great Bear (Canada)
  9. Malawi (Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania)
  10. Great Slave (Canada)
  11. Erie (Canada, United States)
  12. Winnipeg (Canada)
  13. Ontario (Canada, United States)
  14. Ladoga (Russia)
  15. Balkhash (Kazakhstan)
  16. Vostok (Antarctica)
  17. Onega (Russia)
  18. Titicaca (Peru, Bolivia)
  19. Nicaragua (Nicaragua)
  20. Athabasca (Canada)
  21. Reindeer (Canada)
  22. Turkana (Kenya, Ethiopia)
  23. Issyk-Kul (Kyrgyzstan)
  24. Vänern (Sweden)
  25. Rukwa (Tanzania)
  26. Albert (Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo)
  27. Nettilling (Canada)
  28. Winnipegosis (Canada)
  29. Mweru (Zambia, Democratic Republic of the Congo)
  30. Nipigon (Candada)

Collection of Chinese dynasties

This post is a collection of Chinese dynasties. There are 26 dynasties listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

  • Xia (c. 2070 - 1600 BC)
  • Shang (c. 1600 - 1046 BC)
  • Zhou (c. 1046 - 256 BC)
  • Qin (221 - 206 BC)
  • Nanyue (204 - 111 BC)
  • Han (206 BC - 220 AD)
  • Cao Wei* (220-266)
  • Shu Han* (221-263)
  • Eastern Wu* (222-280)
  • Jin (266-420)
  • Northern Wei** (386-535)
  • Liu Song** (420-479)
  • Southern Qi** (479-502)
  • Liang** (502-557)
  • Northern Qi** (550-577)
  • Northern Zhou** (557-581)
  • Chen** (557-589)
  • Sui (581-618)
  • Tang (618-907)
  • Liao*** (916-1125)
  • Song*** (960-1279)
  • Western Xia (1038-1227)
  • Great Jin (1115-1234)
  • Yuan (1271-1368)
  • Ming (1368-1644)
  • Qing (1636-1912)

* part of the Three Kingdoms period (220-280)
** part of the Northern and Southern dynasties period (420-589)
*** existed during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (907-979)

List of G7 countries

This post is a list of G7 countries. There are 7 countries listed below alphabetically. Source: Wikipedia

  • Canada
  • France
  • Germany
  • Italy
  • Japan
  • United Kingdom
  • United States

Wednesday, July 2, 2025

List of lands occupied by the Mongol Empire

This post is a list of lands occupied by the Mongol Empire (1206-1368). There are 22 modern countries and 2 geographic regions listed below alphabetically. Source: Wikipedia

  • Afghanistan
  • Armenia
  • Azerbaijan
  • Belarus
  • China
  • Georgia
  • Iran
  • Iraq
  • Kashmir*
  • Kazakhstan
  • Kyrgyzstan
  • Moldova
  • Mongolia
  • Myanmar
  • North Korea
  • Pakistan
  • Romania
  • Siberia*
  • South Korea
  • Tajikistan
  • Turkey
  • Turkmenistan
  • Ukraine
  • Uzbekistan

* geographic region

Monday, June 30, 2025

Collection of facts about the Pannonian Avars

This post is a collection of facts about the Pannonian Avars (567 - 822 AD). There are 9 facts listed below.

  • Also known as Avar Khaganate
  • Based in eastern Europe and the Pannonian Basin
  • Bayan I was the first khagan (562 - 602 AD)
  • Avar-Byzantine wars (568 - 626 AD)
  • Maurice's Balkan campaigns (582 - 602 AD)
  • Byzantine-Sasanian War (602- 628 AD)
  • Failed Siege of Constantinople (626 AD)
  • Avar Wars (788 - 803 AD)
  • Conquered by Carolingian Empire

Sources

Collection of facts about the Grand Principality of Moscow

This post is a collection of facts about the Grand Principality of Moscow (1263-1547). There are 10 facts listed below.

  • Becomes principality of Valdimir-Suzdal (1263)
  • Rivalry with principality of Tver
  • Battle of Kulikovo (1380)
  • Siege of Moscow (1382)
  • Becomes grand principality (1389)
  • Muscovite War of Succession (1425-1453)
  • Great Stand on the Ugra River (1480)
  • Muscovite-Lithuanian wars (15th - 16th centuries)
  • Ivan IV becomes first Russian tsar (1547)
  • Succeeded by Tsardom of Russia

Sources

Sunday, June 29, 2025

Collection of facts about the Novgorod Republic

This post is a collection of facts about the Novgorod Republic (1136-1478). There are 12 facts listed below.

  • Succeeded the Kievan Rus'
  • Based in northern Russia
  • Prince Vsevolod Mstislavich overthrown (1136)
  • Novgorod veche established (1136)
  • Finnish-Novgorodian wars (11th - 13th centuries)
  • Swedish-Novgorodian wars (12th - 13th centuries)
  • Battle on the Ice (1242)
  • Pskov gains independence from Novgorod (1348)
  • Treaty of Yazhelbitsy (1456)
  • Battle of Sheldon (1471)
  • Invaded by Moscow and Ivan III (1478)
  • Succeeded by the Grand Principality of Moscow

Sources

Collection of facts about Vladimir-Suzdal

This post is a collection of facts about Vladimir-Suzdal (1125-1389). There are 10 facts listed below.

  • Succeeded the Kievan Rus'
  • Based in northeastern Russia
  • Founded by Yury Dolgoruky (r. 1125 - 1157)
  • Suzdalian war of succession (1174-1177)
  • Battle of Lipitsa (1216)
  • Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' (1223, 1237-1241)
  • Fragmentation into appanages (13th century)
  • Tver Uprising (1327)
  • Great Troubles (1359-1381)
  • Succeeded by the Grand Principality of Moscow

Sources

Collection of facts about the Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia

This post is a collection of facts about the Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia (1199-1349). There are 11 facts listed below.

  • Principality of Galicia-Volhynia (1199-1253)
  • Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia (1253-1349)
  • Succeeded the Kievan Rus'
  • Based in Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, Moldova and Lithuania
  • War of the Galician Succession (1205-1245)
  • Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' (1223, 1237-1241)
  • Pledged allegiance to Golden Horde (1246)
  • Kuremsa war with Golden Horde (1252-1258)
  • Galicia-Volhynia Wars (1340-1392)
  • Galicia annexed by Kingdom of Poland (1349)
  • Volhynia annexed by Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1349)

Sources

Collection of facts about the Second Bulgarian Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185-1422). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

  • Based in southeast Europe, northern Greece and the Balkans
  • Capital: Tarnovo (until 1393)
  • Peter II and Ivan Asen I lead rebellion to overthrow Byzantine Empire (1185)
  • Frequently invaded by Mongols, Byzantines, Hungarians and Serbs
  • Defeated Latin Empire in Battle of Adrianople (1205)
  • Uprising of Ivaylo (1277-1280)
  • Battle of Nicopolis (1396)
  • Resistance to Byzantine Empire ends (1422)

Saturday, June 28, 2025

Collection of facts about the First Bulgarian Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the First Bulgarian Empire. (681 - 1018 AD). There are 9 facts listed below.

  • Founded by Asparuh and Bulgars
  • Based in southeast Europe around Danube River
  • Recognized by Byzantine Empire after defeating Slavic tribes
  • Fought Pechenegs, Cumans and Magyars
  • Byzantine-Bulgarian wars (680 - 1355 AD)
  • Failed siege of Constantinople (923 - 924 AD)
  • Adopted Christianity (864 AD)
  • Invaded by Kievan Rus (967 - 969 AD)
  • Annexed by Byzantine Empire (1018 AD)

Sources

Collection of facts about the Kingdom of Bohemia

This post is a collection of facts about the Kingdom of Bohemia (1198-1918). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

  • Predecessor state of Czech Republic
  • Imperial State in the Holy Roman Empire
  • Capital: Prague
  • Established by the Přemyslid dynasty (12th century)
  • Later ruled by House of Luxembourg, Jagiellonian and Habsburg
  • After Holy Roman Empire dissolution, became part of Austrian Empire (1806)
  • After Austria-Hungary dissolution, became part of Czechoslovak Republic (1918)

Collection of facts about the Fatimid Caliphate

This post is a collection of facts about the Fatimid Caliphate (909 - 1171 AD). There are 10 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

  • Overthrew Aghlabid dynasty in 909 AD
  • Existed during the Abbasid Caliphate
  • Based in Ifriqiya (Tunisia and eastern Algeria)
  • Extended to Egypt, Maghreb, Sicily and Levant
  • Ruled by Isma'ili Shi'a dynasty
  • Rulers descended from Muhammad's daughter Fatima and Ali
  • Conquered Egypt in 969 AD 
  • Capital moved from Tunisia to Cairo in 973 AD
  • Fought Seljuk Empire and Crusaders in Levant
  • Succeed by Ayyubid dynasty in 1171 AD

Collection of facts about the Abbasid Caliphate

This post is a collection of facts about the Abbasid Caliphate (750 - 1517 AD). There are 12 facts listed below.

  • Third caliphate after Muhammad's death
  • Ruled by descendants of Muhammad's uncle Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib
  • Overthrew Umayyad Caliphate in Abbasid Revolution (750 AD)
  • Capitals: Baghdad (762-836, 892-1258 AD), Cairo (1261-1517)
  • Fourth Fitna (civil war): 811 - 813/837 AD
  • Anarchy at Samarra (861 - 870 AD)
  • Buyids conquer Baghdad (945 AD)
  • Seljuks conquer Baghdad (1055)
  • Abbasids regain independence (1165)
  • Mongols siege Baghdad (1258)
  • Abbasids regain control of Baghdad (1261)
  • Conquered by Ottoman Empire (1517)

Sources

Collection of facts about the Umayyad Caliphate

This post is a collection of facts about the Umayyad Caliphate (661 - 750 AD). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

  • Second caliphate after Muhammad's death
  • Capital: Damascus (modern-day Syria) until 744 AD
  • Mu'awiya I ruled as caliph (661 - 680 AD)
  • Conquered Ifriqiya, Transoxiana, Sind, Maghreb, Hispania
  • Second Fitna (civil war): 680 - 692 AD
  • Third Fitna (civil war): 744 - 750 AD
  • Abbasid revolution (747 - 750 AD)
  • Succeeded by Abbasid Caliphate and Emirate of Córdoba

Collection of facts about the Rashidun Caliphate

This post is a collection of facts about the Rashidun Caliphate (632 - 661 AD). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

  • Reign of the first caliphs after Muhammad's death
  • Muhammad died in 632 AD
  • Capital: Medina (modern-day Saudi Arabia) until 656 AD
  • Caliphs: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and Ali
  • Shia Muslims reject first three caliphs
  • Conquered Arabian Peninsula, most of Byzantine Empire and Sasanian Empire
  • First Fitna (civil war): 656 - 661 AD
  • Succeeded by the Umayyad Caliphate

Collection of facts about the Hittites

This post is a collection of facts about the Hittites (c. 1650 - 1180 BC). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

  • Based in Anatolia (modern-day Turkey)
  • Capital: Hattusa
  • Fought Egypt, Assyria and Mitanni
  • Šuppiluliuma I ruled c. 1350 - 1322 BC
  • Extended to northern Levant and Mesopotamia (14th century BC)
  • Most territory annexed by Assyrian Empire (12th century BC)
  • Smaller states survived until annexed by Assyrian Empire (8th century BC)

Collection of facts about Mycenaean Greece

This post is a collection of facts about Mycenaean Greece (c. 1750 - 1050 BC). There are 6 facts listed below.

  • First advanced Greek civilization
  • Influenced by Minoan Crete
  • Linear B script (first records of Greek language)
  • Religion included some Olympic pantheon deities
  • Trojan War (c. 12th - 13th century BC)
  • Unknown collapse followed by Greek Dark Ages

Sources

Collection of facts about Macedonia

This post is a collection of facts about Macedonia (7th century - 148 BC). There are 12 facts listed below.

  • Based in northeastern Greek peninsula
  • Ruled by Argead, Antipatrid and Antigonid dynasties
  • Achaemenid Macedonia (512-499, 493-479 BC)
  • Ionian revolt (499 - 493 BC)
  • Philip II ruled 359 - 336 BC
  • Philip II defeats Athens and Thebes (338 BC)
  • Hellenic League established (338 / 337 BC)
  • Wars of Alexander the Great (336 - 323 BC)
  • Defeated Achaemenid Empire and extended to Indus River
  • Wars of Alexander's Successors (322 - 281 BC)
  • Fought Greek kingdoms in Macedonian Wars (214 - 148 BC)
  • Succeeded by Seleucid Empire, Ptolemaic Kingdom, Macedonia province and Kingdom of Pergamon

Sources

Friday, June 27, 2025

Collection of facts about the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

This post is a collection of facts about the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569-1795). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

  • Consisted of Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania
  • Federative real union from the Union of Lublin (1569)
  • Previously in personal union from the Krewo Agreement (1385)
  • Jagiellonian dynasty ended in 1572
  • Followed by constitutional monarchy: parliament and elective monarchy
  • First European codified constitution (1791)
  • Partitioned by Austria, Prussia and Russia (late 18th century)

Collection of facts about the Celts

This post is a collection of facts about the Celts. There are 7 facts listed below.

  • Includes Gauls, Celtiberians, Gallaeci, Britons, Picts, Gaels, Boii, Galatians
  • Related Celtic languages and cultures
  • Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula (220 BC - 19 BC)
  • Gallic Wars (58 - 50 BC)
  • Roman conquest of Britain (43 - 84 AD)
  • Most Celtic territories annexed to the Roman Empire
  • Celtic culture remained in Ireland, Britain and Brittany

Sources

Collection of facts about the Lombards

This post is a collection of quotes about the Lombards. There are 7 quotes listed below. Source: Wikipedia

  • Origins from northern Germany
  • Possible lineage Winnili tribe or Suebian people
  • Migrated south to modern-day Austria, Slovakia and Hungary
  • Fought the Heruls and Gepids
  • Conquered most of northern and central Italy (6th century AD)
  • Kingdom of the Lombards (568 - 774 AD)
  • Conquered by Charlemagne and the Franks (774 AD)

Collection of facts about the Huns

This post is a collection of facts about the Huns. There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

  • Nomadic people from Eastern Europe and Central Asia
  • Arrived at the Volga River (370 AD)
  • Fought the Goths and Alans
  • Contributed to the Great Migration
  • Ruled by Attila (435 - 453 AD)
  • Invaded Roman province Gaul (451 AD)
  • Invaded Italy (452 AD)
  • Decline in influence after death of Attila (453 AD)

Thursday, June 26, 2025

Collection of facts about the Normans

This post is a collection of facts about the Normans. There are 8 facts listed below.

  • Based on French northern coast
  • Norse Viking and West Francia lineage
  • County of Rouen (Duchy of Normandy) formed in 911 AD
  • Viking leader Rollo swears fealty to West Francia
  • Norman conquest of southern Italy (999 - 1194 AD)
  • Norman conquest of England (1066 AD)
  • Founded Kingdom of Sicily (1130 AD)
  • Fought in Iberian Reconquista (11th - 13th centuries)

Sources

Collection of facts about the Visigothic Kingdom

This post is a collection of facts about the Visigothic Kingdom (418 - 720 AD). There are 13 facts listed below.

  • Germanic people from the Danube Valley
  • Based in the Iberian Peninsula and southwestern France
  • Capitals: Toulouse, Barcelona and Toledo
  • Sack of Rome (410 AD)
  • Established as a Roman foederati (418 AD)
  • Fought Vandals, Alans and Suebi
  • Fought Huns at the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains (451 AD)
  • Gained independence from Roman Empire (476 AD)
  • Franco-Visigothic Wars (496 - 508 AD)
  • Byzantine Spania (552 - 624 AD)
  • Annexed Suebic Kingdom (585 AD)
  • Visigothic Code completed (654 AD)
  • Conquered by Umayyad Caliphate (711 - 719 AD)

Sources

Collection of facts about the Byzantine Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Byzantine Empire (330 - 1453 AD). There are 15 facts listed below.

  • Continuation of the Eastern Roman Empire
  • Capital: Constantinople
  • State religion: Christianity
  • Theodosius I ruled 379 - 395 AD
  • Justinian I ruled 527 - 565 AD
  • Justinian I reconquered Italy in the Gothic War (535 - 554 AD)
  • Plague of Justinian (541 - 549 AD)
  • Byzantine-Sasanian War (602-628 AD)
  • Levant and Egypt lost to Rashidun Caliphate
  • Africa lost to Umayyad Caliphate
  • Komnenian restoration (1081 - 1185 AD)
  • Sack of Constantinople 1204 AD
  • Constantinople recovered 1261 AD
  • Byzantine-Ottoman wars (1299 - 1453 AD)
  • Conquered by Ottoman Empire 1453 AD

Sources

Collection of facts about the Ostrogoths

This post is a collection of facts about the Ostrogoths. There are 8 facts listed below.

  • Germanic people from the Balkans
  • Ostrogothic Kingdom (493 - 553 AD)
  • Controlled Italy, Southern France and the Balkans
  • Succeeded the Kingdom of Italy and Odoacer
  • Ruled by Theodoric the Great (493 - 526 AD)
  • Capital: Ravenna (until 540 AD), then Pavia
  • Gothic War with the Byzantine Empire (535 - 554 AD)
  • Italy lost to the Byzantine Empire and Justinian I

Sources

Wednesday, June 25, 2025

Collection of facts about Assyria

This post is a collection of facts about Assyria (2025 - 609 BC). There are 8 facts listed below.

  • Based in northern Mesopotamia
  • Capital: Assur
  • Rivalry with Babylonia in southern Mesopotamia
  • Akkadian, Sumerian and Aramaic languages
  • Founded by Puzur-Ashur I
  • Ruled by Sargonid dynasty (722 - 609 BC)
  • Conquest of Egypt (673 - 663 BC)
  • Conquered by Neo-Babylonian Empire and the Medes

Sources

Collection of facts about the Akkadian Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Akkadian Empire (2334 - 2154 BC). There are 6 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

  • Based in Mesopotamia, Levant and Anatolia
  • Capital: Akkad
  • Akkadian and Sumerian languages
  • Founded by Sargon of Akkad
  • Defeated Sumerians at Battle of Uruk
  • Succeeded by Gutian period and Third Dynasty of Ur

Collection of facts about Babylonia

This post is a collection of facts about Babylonia (1890 - 539 BC). There are 9 facts listed below.

  • Based in southern Mesopotamia
  • Capital: Babylon
  • Rivalry with Assyria in northern Mesopotamia
  • Akkadian language and culture
  • Hammurabi ruled 1792 - 1750 BC
  • Kassite dynasty ruled 1531 - 1155 BC
  • Assyrian ruled 911 - 619 BC
  • Neo-Babylonian Empire 626 - 539 BC
  • Fell to Achaemenid Empire 539 BC

Sources

List of Indochina wars

This post is a list of Indochina wars. There are 3 wars listed below chronologically.

First Indochina War (1946-1954)
"...fought between France and Việt Minh (Democratic Republic of Vietnam), and their respective allies... the conflict engulfed [Vietnam] and also extended into the neighboring French Indochina protectorates of Laos and Cambodia." (Wikipedia: First Indochina War, 6.5.25 UTC 11:07)

Second Indochina War (1955-1975) - Vietnam War
"North Vietnam was supported by the Soviet Union and China, while South Vietnam was supported by the United States and other anti-communist nations.... Vietnam gained independence in the 1954 Geneva Conference but was divided in two at the 17th parallel." (Wikipedia: Vietnam War, 6.20.25 UTC 20:24)

Third Indochina War (1978-1991)
"The conflict primarily started due to continued raids and incursions by the Khmer Rouge into Vietnamese territory that they sought to retake. These incursions would result in the Cambodian-Vietnamese War in which the newly unified Vietnam overthrew the Pol Pot regime and the Khmer Rouge, in turn ending the Cambodian genocide... China strongly objected to the invasion of Cambodia... [and] launched a punitive operation (Sino-Vietnamese War) in February 1979..." (Wikipedia: Third Indochina War, 6.11.25 UTC 15:58)

Sunday, June 22, 2025

List of wars between India and Pakistan

This post is a list of wars between India and Pakistan. There are 4 wars listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

  • Indo-Pakistani war of 1947-1948
  • Indo-Pakistani war of 1965
  • Indo-Pakistani war of 1971
  • Kargil War (1999)

Saturday, June 21, 2025

List of countries in Operation Condor

This post is a list of countries in Operation Condor (1975-1983). There are 8 countries listed below alphabetically. Source: Wikipedia

  • Argentina
  • Bolivia
  • Brazil
  • Chile
  • Ecuador
  • Paraguay
  • Peru
  • Uruguay

Saturday, June 14, 2025

Collection of major Holy Roman Empire dynasties

This post is a collection of major Holy Roman Empire dynasties. There are 8 dynasties listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

  • Carolingian dynasty (r. 800-888, 896-899)
  • Ottonian dynasty (r. 962-1024)
  • Salian dynasty (r. 1027-1125)
  • Hohenstaufen dynasty (r. 1155-1197, 1220-1250)
  • House of Luxembourg (r. 1312-1313, 1355-1437)
  • House of Habsburg (r. 1452-1740)
  • House of Lorraine (r. 1745-1765)
  • House of Habsburg-Lorraine (r. 1765-1806)

List of capitals in the Roman tetrarchy

This post is a list of capitals in the Roman tetrarchy (established 293 AD). There are 4 capitals listed below alphabetically. The modern city is in parentheses. Source: Wikipedia

  • Augusta Treverorum (Trier, Germany)
  • Mediolanum (Milan, Italy)
  • Nicomedia (İzmit, Turkey)
  • Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia)

Thursday, June 12, 2025

Top 10 countries by population in 1000

This post is a list of the top 10 countries by population (including possessions) in 1000 AD. Source: Wikipedia
  1. Song China: 32 - 80 million
  2. Chola Empire: 4 - 20 million
  3. Pala Empire: less than 16 - 17 million
  4. Holy Roman Empire: 11 - 12 million
  5. Fatimid Caliphate: 12 million
  6. Byzantine Empire: 12 million
  7. Western Chalukya Empire: 9 - 10 million
  8. Buyid Persia: 6 - 8 million
  9. Khitan Liao: 5 - 7 million
  10. Kingdom of France: 7 million

Top 10 countries by population in 1700

This post is a list of the top 10 countries by population (including possessions) in 1700. Source: Wikipedia
  1. Mughal Empire: 158 million
  2. Qing Empire: 100 - 150 million
  3. Ottoman Empire: 27 million
  4. Holy Roman Empire: 27 million
  5. Tokugawa Japan: 27 million
  6. Spanish Empire: 24 million
  7. French Republic: 21 million
  8. Russia Empire: 13 million
  9. Joseon: 13 million
  10. Safavid Iran: 10 million

List of deposed leaders during the Arab Spring

This post is a list of deposed leaders during the Arab Spring (2010-2012). There are 4 leaders listed below alphabetically by country. Source: Wikipedia

  • Egypt: Hosni Mubarak (2011)
  • Libya: Muammar Gaddafi (2011)
  • Tunisia: Zine El Abidine Ben Ali (2011)
  • Yemen: Ali Abdullah Saleh (2012)

Top 10 countries by HIV/AIDS population (2023-2025)

This post is a list of the top 10 countries by HIV/AIDS population. The statistics are from between 2023 and 2025. The percentage of the adult population is in parentheses. Source: Wikipedia
  1. South Africa: 9.4 million (14%)
  2. Tanzania: 3.3 million (7%)
  3. Mozambique: 2.4 million (12%)
  4. Nigeria: 2.4 million (2%)
  5. India: 2.3 million (0.2%)
  6. Kenya: 1.7 million (5%)
  7. Zimbabwe: 1.6 million (22%)
  8. Malawi: 1.6 million (11%)
  9. Uganda: 1.5 million (5%)
  10. United States: 1.4 million (0.4%)

Wednesday, June 11, 2025

Collection of seas in the Mediterranean Sea

This post is a collection of seas in the Mediterranean Sea. There are 14 seas listed below alphabetically. Source: Wikipedia

  • Adriatic Sea
  • Aegean Sea
  • Alboran Sea
  • Balearic Sea
  • Crete Sea
  • Ionian Sea
  • Levantine Sea
  • Libyan Sea
  • Ligurian Sea
  • Marmara Sea
  • Myrtoan Sea
  • Sardinia Sea
  • Thracian Sea
  • Tyrrhenian Sea

Tuesday, June 10, 2025

List of country history posts (present day)

This post is a list of country history posts (present day) for this blog. There are 196 countries listed below alphabetically.

Collection of major British Empire colonies

This post is a collection of major British Empire colonies. There are 11 colonies listed below alphabetically.

  • Australia
  • Burma
  • Canada
  • Egypt
  • India
  • Kenya
  • Malaysia
  • Nigeria
  • New Zealand
  • South Africa
  • Thirteen Colonies

Sources

Collection of major Louis XIV wars

This post is a collection of major wars involving Louis XIV (reigned in France 1643-1715). There are 5 wars listed below chronologically.

  • War of Devolution (1667-1668)
  • Franco-Dutch War (1672-1678)
  • War of the Reunions (1683-1684)
  • Nine Years' War (1688-1697)
  • War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714)

Sources

List of Georgian era kings of Britain

This post is a list of Georgian era kings of Britain. There are 5 kings listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

  • George I (1714-1727)
  • George II (1727-1760)
  • George III (1760-1820)
  • George IV (1820-1830)
  • William IV (1830-1837)

Monday, June 9, 2025

Collection of European wars of religion

This post is a collection of major European wars of religion (16th - 18th centuries). There are 15 wars listed below chronologically. Source

  • Knights' War (1522-1523)
  • German Peasants' War (1524-1525)
  • Count's Feud (1534-1536)
  • Schmalkaldic War (1546-1547)
  • Second Schmalkaldic War (1552)
  • French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)
  • Eighty Years' War (c. 1566-1648)
  • Cologne War (1583-1588)
  • Strasbourg Bishops' War (1592-1604)
  • Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)
  • Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1639-1653)
  • Savoyard-Waldensian wars (1655-1690)
  • First War of Villmergen (1656)
  • Nine Years' War (1688-1697)
  • Toggenburg War (1712)

Sources

Sunday, June 1, 2025

List of Russo-Turkish wars

This post is a list of Russo-Turkish wars (1568-1918). There are 13 wars listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

  • First Russo-Turkish War (1568-1570)
  • Russo-Crimean War (1571-1572)
  • Second Russo-Turkish War (1676-1681)
  • Third Russo-Turkish War* (1686-1700)
  • Fourth Russo-Turkish War** (1710-1713)
  • Fifth Russo-Turkish War (1735-1739)
  • Sixth Russo-Turkish War (1768-1774)
  • Seventh Russo-Turkish War (1787-1792)
  • Eighth Russo-Turkish War (1806-1812)
  • Ninth Russo-Turkish War (1828-1829)
  • Crimean War (1853-1856)
  • Tenth Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878)
  • World War I (1914-1918)

* Part of the Great Turkish War
** Part of the Great Northern War

Collection of facts about the House of Habsburg

This post is a collection of facts about the House of Habsburg. There are 6 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

  • Founded by Radbot of Klettgau in Switzerland (11th century)
  • Rudolph elected King of the Romans (1273)
  • Ruled Austria (13th century - 1918)
  • Ruled Holy Roman Empire 1440-1740 and 1765-1806
  • Family split between Spanish and German-Austrian branches (16th century)
  • Also ruled Bohemia, Hungary, Croatia, Slavonia, Dalmatia, Portugal, Sicily, Lombardy-Venetia, Galicia-Lodomeria and Mexico

Collection of facts about the Capetian dynasty

This post is a collection of facts about the Capetian dynasty (987 - 1848). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

  • Founded by Hugh Capet (987 AD)
  • Branch of Robertians and Karlings dynasties
  • Ruled France 987-1792 and 1814-1848
  • Charles IV died in 1328 ending senior line
  • Succeeded by cadet branches House of Valois and House of Bourbon
  • Louis Philippe I was the last Capetian ruler of France (r. 1830 - 1848)
  • Ruled Portugal, Sicily, Naples, Navarre, Hungary, Croatia, Poland, Spain, Sardinia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Latin Empire and Brazil

Collection of famous Years' wars

This post is a collection of famous Years' wars. There are 6 wars listed below chronologically.

Hundred Years' War (1337 - 1453)
"...conflict between the kingdoms of England and France and a civil war in France... triggered by a claim to the French throne made by Edward III of England." (Wikipedia: Hundred Years' War, 5.31.25 UTC 01:04)

Eighty Years' War (c. 1566 - 1648)
"...conflict in the Habsburg Netherlands between disparate groups of rebels and the Spanish government. The causes of the war included the Reformation, centralization, excessive taxation and the rights and privileges of the Dutch nobility and cities." (Wikipedia: Eighty Years' War, 5.15.25 UTC 15:57)

Thirty Years' War (1618 - 1648)
"...origins in the 16th century Reformation, which led to religious conflict within the Holy Roman Empire... external drivers such as the French-Habsburg rivalry and the Dutch Revolt... After 1635, the Empire became one theater of a wider struggle between France, chiefly supported by Sweden and Emperor Ferdinand III, whose principal ally was Spain." (Wikipedia: Thirty Years' War, 5.31.25 UTC 16:09)

Nine Years' War (1688 - 1697)
"...between France and the Grand Alliance. Although largely concentrated in Europe, fighting spread to colonial possessions in the Americas, India and West Africa." (Wikipedia: Nine Years' War, 5.24.25 UTC 18:35)

Second Hundred Years' War (1689 - 1815)
"...series of military conflicts around the globe between Great Britain and France... such as the Nine Years' War, the War of the Spanish Succession, the War of the Austrian Succession, the Seven Years' War, the American Revolutionary War and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars." (Wikipedia: Second Hundred Years' War, 5.18.25 UTC 22:11)

Seven Years' War (1756 - 1763)
"...Great Britain and Prussia versus France and Austria... centered on Austrian attempts to recover Silesia." (Wikipedia: Seven Years' War, 5.23.25 UTC 20:44)

Collection of facts about the Kievan Rus'

This post is a collection of facts about the Kievan Rus' (c. 880 - 1240). There are 9 facts listed below.

  • Founded by Oleg the Wise (r. 879 - 912)
  • Consisted of East Slavic tribes in Eastern Europe
  • Ruled by Rurik dynasty (founded by Varangian prince Rurik in 862)
  • Extended from White Sea to Black Sea and Vistula river to Taman Peninsula
  • Fought against Khazars
  • Sviatoslav I ruled 943 - 972
  • Vladimir the Great ruled 980 - 1015
  • Yaroslav the Wise ruled 1019 - 1054
  • Fell to Mongol invasions (13th century)

Sources
Wikipedia: Kievan Rus', Rurik

Collection of facts about the Phoenicians

This post is a collection of facts about the Phoenicians (c. 2500 - 64 BC). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

  • Originally based on Levant coast
  • Succeeded Canaanites
  • Maritime trade network and city-states in Mediterranean Sea
  • Network included Mesopotamia, Greece, Egypt, Carthage, Cyprus, Iberian Peninsula, Tyre, Sidon and Byblos
  • Decline due to Neo-Assyrian and Achaemenid conquests
  • World's oldest verified alphabet
  • Influenced Syriac script, Arabic script and Greek alphabet

List of Roman civilization historical periods

This post is a list of Roman civilization historical periods. There are 3 periods listed below chronologically.

Roman Kingdom (c. 753 - 509 BC)
"...settlements around the Palatine Hill along the river Tiber in central Italy, and ended with the overthrow of the kings and the establishment of the Republic..." (Wikipedia: Roman Kingdom, 6.1.25 UTC 05:01 UTC)

Roman Republic (c. 509 - 27 BC)
"During this period, Rome's control expanded form the city's immediate surroundings to hegemony over the entire Mediterranean world... There were annual elections, but the republican system was an elective oligarchy, not a democracy... Throughout the republican era Rome was in a state of near-perpetual war." (Wikipedia: Roman Republic, 5.30.25 UTC 19:28)

Roman Empire (27 BC - 476 AD / 1453 AD)
"The first two centuries of the Empire saw a period of unprecedented stability and prosperity known as the Pax Romana... In the 3rd century, the Empire underwent a 49-year crisis that threatened its existence due to civil war, plagues and barbarian invasions... Theodosius I, the last emperor to rule over both East and West, died in 395... In 476 by Odoacer, the Western Empire finally collapsed. The Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire survived for another millennium with Constantinople as its sole capital, until the city's fall in 1453." (Wikipedia: Roman Empire, 5.26.25 UTC 22:37)

Collection of facts about ancient Carthage

This post is a collection of facts about ancient Carthage (c. 814 - 146 BC). There are 10 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

  • Settled by Phoenicians (814 BC)
  • Based in Tunisia and North Africa
  • Gained independence in 7th century BC
  • Carthage was capital city
  • Naval dominance in western Mediterranean Sea
  • Occupied northwest Africa, southeast Iberian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica and Malta
  • Fought Berbers and Sicilian Greeks
  • Fought Roman Repbulic in the Punic Wars (264 - 146 BC)
  • Carthage destroyed in Third Punic War (146 BC)
  • Conquered by Roman Republic (146 BC)

Collection of facts about the Ptolemaic Kingdom

This post is a collection of facts about the Ptolemaic Kingdom (305 - 30 BC). There are 8 facts listed below.

  • Founded by Macedonian general Ptolemy I Soter (305 BC)
  • Alexander the Great conquered Egypt in 332 BC
  • Ptolemaic dynasty was the final Egyptian dynasty
  • Capital city was Alexandria
  • Fought Seleucid Empire in the Syrian Wars (3rd - 2nd centuries BC)
  • Expanded to Libya, Sinai and northern Nubia
  • Final Ptolemaic ruler Cleopatra VII dies (30 BC)
  • Annexed by Roman Empire (30 BC)

Sources

Saturday, May 31, 2025

Collection of facts about the Seleucid Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Seleucid Empire (312 - 63 BC). There are 7 facts listed below.

  • Founded by Macedonian general Seleucus I Nicator (312 BC)
  • Received Babylonia and Assyria from division of Macedonia
  • Expanded to Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Syria, Lebanon, Anatolia, Levant, Kuwait and parts of Turkmenistan
  • Fought Maura Empire (305 - 303 BC)
  • Fought Ptolemaic Egypt in Syrian Wars (3rd - 2nd centuries BC)
  • Antiochus III the Great attempted to conquer Greece and lost to Roman Republic (2nd century BC)
  • Annexed by Roman Republic (63 BC)

Source

Collection of facts about the Sasanian Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Sasanian Empire (224 - 651 AD). There are 6 facts listed below.

  • Founded by Ardashir I (224 AD)
  • Defeated Arsacid dynasty at Battle of Hormozdgan (224 AD)
  • Occupied Iran, Iraq, Caucasus, Levant, parts of Arabian Peninsula, Central Asia and South Asia
  • Fought Roman Empire / Byzantine Empire
  • Revitalized Zoroastrianism
  • Defeated by Muslim conquest of Iran (633 - 651 AD)

Sources

Collection of facts about the Parthian Empire

This post is a collection of facts about he Parthian Empire (247 BC - 224 AD). There are 9 facts listed below.

  • Founded by Arsaces I (247 BC)
  • Ruled by Arsacid dynasty
  • Based in modern-day Iran
  • Expanded to Turkey, Afghanistan and Pakistan
  • Located on Silk Road trade route
  • Fought Seleucids, Scythians, Kingdom of Armenia and Roman Republic
  • Roman-Parthian Wars (54 BC - 217 AD)
  • Ardashir I kills last Arsacid ruler Artabanus IV (224 AD)
  • Ardashir I founds Sasanian Empire (224 AD)

Sources

Collection of facts about the Achaemenid Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Achaemenid Empire (550 - 330 BC). There are 6 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

  • Founded by Cyrus the Great (550 BC)
  • Based in modern-day Iran
  • Defeated Medes, Lydia and Neo-Babylonian Empire
  • 5.5 million sq. kilometers: Balkans, Egypt, West Asia, Central Asia, Indus Valley
  • Conquered by Alexander the Great and Macedonian Empire (330 BC)
  • Later ruled by Ptolemaic Kingdom and Seleucid Empire

Collection of facts about Sumer

This post is a collection of facts about Sumer (c. 5500 - 1800 BC). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

  • World's earliest known civilization
  • Located along Tigris and Euphrates rivers
  • Ubaid period (c. 6500 - 4100 BC)
  • Uruk period (c. 4100 - 3100 BC)
  • Proto-writing (c. 4000 - 2500 BC)
  • World's earliest known texts (27th century BC)
  • Succeeded by Akkadian Empire (23rd century BC)

List of Egyptian Kingdom historical periods

This post is a list of Egyptian Kingdom historical periods. There are 3 periods listed below chronologically.

Old Kingdom (2686 - 2181 BC)
"...it encompasses the reigns of the great pyramid-builders of the Fourth Dynasty, such as King Sneferu, under whom the art of pyramid-building was perfected, and the kings Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure, who commissioned the construction of the pyramids at Giza." (Wikipedia: Old Kingdom of Egypt, 3.3.25 UTC 14:38)

Middle Kingdom (2055 - 1650 BC)
"...reunification of Egypt under the reign of Mentuhotep II in the Eleventh Dynasty to the end of the Twelfth Dynasty." (Wikipedia: Middle Kingdom of Egypt, 4.15.25 UTC 14:27)

New Kingdom (1570 - 1069 BC)
"...Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth dynasties... It was the most prosperous time for the Egyptian people and marked the peak of Egypt's power." (Wikipedia: New Kingdom of Egypt, 5.26.25 UTC 01:25)

List of Assyrian historical periods

This post is a list of Assyrian historical periods. There are 5 periods listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

  • Early Assyrian (2600 - 2025 BC)
  • Old Assyrian (2025 - 1364 BC)
  • Middle Assyrian (1363 - 912 BC)
  • Neo-Assyrian (911 - 609 BC)
  • Post-imperial Assyria (609 BC - 240 AD)

Collection of facts about the Franks

This post is a collection of facts about the Franks. There are 10 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

  • Germanic people originally from Rhine-river area
  • Ruled by Roman Empire
  • Later expanded into Gaul
  • Fought Alans, Vandals and Huns during Migration Period
  • Clovis I unites Frankish Kingdoms under Merovingian dynasty (5th century AD)
  • Later ruled by Carolingian dynasty (751 AD)
  • Charlemagne crowned Roman Emperor (800 AD)
  • Divided into West Francia, Middle Francia and East Francia (843 AD)
  • West Francia later became Kingdom of France
  • East Francia later became Holy Roman Empire

Friday, May 30, 2025

Collection of facts about the Carolingian dynasty

This post is a collection of facts about the Carolingian dynasty (751 - 987 AD). There are 7 facts listed below.

  • Pepin the Short becomes king of the Franks (751 AD)
  • Charlemagne crowned Roman Emperor (800 AD)
  • Carolingian Empire (800 - 887 AD)
  • Carolingian civil war (840 - 843 AD)
  • Charles the Fat deposed (887 AD)
  • Illegitimate line ruled East Francia until 911 AD
  • Louis V of West Francia is final Carolingian ruler (died 987 AD)

Sources

Collection of facts about the Merovingian dynasty

This post is a collection of facts about the Merovingian dynasty. There are 8 facts listed below.

  • Ruling family of the Franks (5th century - 751 AD)
  • Childeric I ruled c. 457 - 481 AD
  • Clovis I ruled c. 481 - 509 AD
  • Clovis I sons divide kingdom: Austrasia, Neustria, Burgundy, Aquitaine
  • Clotaire II temporarily reunites kingdom (613 - 623 AD)
  • Charles Martel was Mayor of the Palace (718 - 741 AD)
  • Pepin the Short deposes Childeric III (751 AD)
  • Succeeded by Carolingian dynasty

Sources

Wednesday, May 21, 2025

List of Punic Wars

This post is a list of the Punic Wars (264 - 146 BC). There are 3 wars listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

  • First Punic War: 264 - 241 BC
  • Second Punic War: 218 - 201 BC
  • Third Punic War: 149 - 146 BC

Sunday, May 18, 2025

Collection of quotes about Carolingian miniscule and humanist miniscule

This post is a collection of quotes about Carolingian miniscule and humanist miniscule. There are 3 quotes listed below.

1. "Carolingian miniscule was uniform with rounded shapes in clearly distinguishable glyphs, disciplined and above all, legible. Clear capital letters and spaces between words became standard..." (Wikipedia: Carolingian miniscule, 4.9.25 UTC 12:02)

2. "Carolingian minuscule was created partly under the patronage of the Emperor Charlemagne... Although Charlemagne was never fully literate, he understood the value of literacy and uniform script in running his empire." (Wikipedia: Carolingian miniscule, 4.9.25 UTC 12:02)

3. "[Humanist miniscule] was based on Carolingian miniscule... Petrarch was one of the few medieval authors to have written at any length on the handwriting of his time; in his essay on the subject, La scrittura, he criticized the current scholastic hand, with its laboured strokes and exuberant letter-forms amusing the eye from a distance, but fatiguing on closer exposure, as if written for another purpose than to be read." (Wikipedia: Humanist miniscule, 1.7.25 UTC 02:50)

Sunday, May 11, 2025

List of ruling dynasties of the Kingdom of England

This post is a list of ruling dynasties of the Kingdom of England. There are 4 dynasties listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

  • Norman / Angevin: 1066-1216
  • Plantagenet: 1216-1485
  • Tudor: 1485-1603
  • Stuart: 1603-1707*

* interrupted by British Interregnum 1649-1660