- Song China: 32 - 80 million
- Chola Empire: 4 - 20 million
- Pala Empire: less than 16 - 17 million
- Holy Roman Empire: 11 - 12 million
- Fatimid Caliphate: 12 million
- Byzantine Empire: 12 million
- Western Chalukya Empire: 9 - 10 million
- Buyid Persia: 6 - 8 million
- Khitan Liao: 5 - 7 million
- Kingdom of France: 7 million