- Scythia (11th century BC - 2nd century AD)
- Sogdia civilization (6th century BC - 11th century AD)
- Achaemenid Empire (550 - 330 BC)
- Greco-Bactrian Kingdom (256 - 125 BC)
- Kushan Empire (30 - 375 AD)
- Caliphate rule (710 - 867 AD)
- Samanid Empire (819 - 999 AD)
- Mongol invasion (13th century)
- Timurid Empire (1370-1507)
- Kokand Khanate (1709-1876)
- Bukhara Emirate (1785-1920)
- Basmachi movement (1916-1920)
- Bukharan People's Soviet Republic (1920-1924)
- Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1924-1929)
- Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (1929-1991)
- Dissolution of the Soviet Union (1991)
- Tajikistan gains independence (1991)
- Tajikistani Civil War (1992-1997)
(This post includes any nation or civilization that occupied at least a portion of Turkmenistan at some point. Unless specified otherwise, the dates correspond to when a nation or civilization existed, but do not necessarily correspond to occupation of Turkmenistan.)
