- Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (2250 - 1170 BC)
- Indo-Europeans arrive (2000 BC)
- Alexander the Great and Macedon conquer Turkmenistan (4th century BC)
- Seleucid Empire (312 - 63 BC)
- Parthian Empire (247 BC - 224 AD)
- Abbasid Caliphate (750 - 1517 AD)
- Seljuk Empire (1037-1194)
- Mongol invasion (13th century)
- Chagatai Khanate (1226-1705)
- Timurid Empire (1370-1507)
- Khiva Khanate (1511-1920)
- Burkhara Emirate (1785-1920)
- Russian Empire invades Turkmenistan (1869)
- Basmachi movement (1916-1934)
- Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (1920-1924)
- Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (1925-1991)
- Turkmenistan gains independence (1991)
(This post includes any nation or civilization that occupied at least a portion of Turkmenistan at some point. Unless specified otherwise, the dates correspond to when a nation or civilization existed, but do not necessarily correspond to occupation of Turkmenistan.)
