- Mughal Empire: 158 million
- Qing Empire: 100 - 150 million
- Ottoman Empire: 27 million
- Holy Roman Empire: 27 million
- Tokugawa Japan: 27 million
- Spanish Empire: 24 million
- French Republic: 21 million
- Russia Empire: 13 million
- Joseon: 13 million
- Safavid Iran: 10 million