- Republic of China (Kuomintang) vs. Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
- Chiang Kai-shek leadsKuomintang
- Mao Zedong leads CCP
- Northern Expedition: Kuomintang vs. Beiyang government (1926-1928)
- Shanghai massacre: Kuomintang purges communists (1927)
- Nanchang Uprising by CCP (1927)
- Guangzhou Uprising by CCP (1927)
- Central Plains War internal conflict in Kuomintang (1929-1930)
- Long March retreat by CCP is 12,500 km (1934-1935)
- Xi'an Incident: CCP kidnap Chiang Kai-shek to demand cease fire (1936)
- Kuomintang and CCP temporary ally to fight Japan
- Japan invades China during Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945)
- Russia temporarily occupies Manchuria (1945)
- Operation Beleaguer: U.S. provides aid to Kuomintang and guards Hebei, Shandong (1945-1949)
- Liaoshen campaign (1948)
- Huaihai campaign (1948-1949)
- Pingjin campaign (1948-1949)
- Republic of China retreats to Taiwan (1949)
- People's Republic of China proclaimed (1949)
- Casualties: 7 million (first phase), 2.5 - 6 million (second phase)
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