Sunday, September 19, 2021

Collection of notes about information: January 2021 - September 2021

This post a collection of notes about information I wrote between January 2021 and September 2021. Some quotes are slightly revised from the original version for suitability. There are 23 quotes listed below chronologically.

1. "I want to find the best educational materials and synthesize the best explanations into a useful format." (1.29.21)

2. "Blogging makes experimentation economical and possible." (2.8.21)

3. "I want to be an artist of information and webpages." (2.24.21)

4. "I am an information experimentalist." (2.25.21)

5. "An intellectual ideally could have an encyclopedia of information to support their system of beliefs." (3.3.21)

6. "Each information blog post is like putting a puzzle together and trying to discover an underlying structure." (5.1.21)

7. "I can see knowledge turning into something like Legos with principles, axioms and quotes as the building blocks." (7.1.21)

8. "I see basically unlimited growth and potential in minimalism and immediate educational tools." (7.3.21)

9. "The next medium is displaying knowledge minimalistically on a webpage." (7.14.21)

10 ."My educational style prioritizes immediacy over duration." (7.23.21)

11. "I imagine a quilt of useful open access educational webpages." (8.8.21)

12. "It's about making knowledge transparent and shining a light on it. That is achieved though minimalism and immediacy. In the long run, this should be the direction of knowledge." (8.9.21)

13. "The future of the internet is a proliferation of encyclopedias." (8.23.21)

14. "Clearness is our best chance to understand eachother." (8.25.21)

15. "I can imagine blogging protocols where people communicate using compatible formats." (8.25.21)

16, "I think a big part of the minimalism and immediacy focus is to reduce knowledge to its most essential principles." (8.25.21)

17. "Compression is a central goal." (8.25.21)

18. "I'm interested in mapping macro structures in knowledge." (8.29.21)

19. "Similar to constructing better, clearer and more accurate explanations, I believe the same can be said for constructing static educational webpages." (9.2.21)

20. "I admit that quotes can be used out of context and altered to change the meaning, but I also think there's potential in quotes to organize and display knowledge." (9.10.21)

21. "Quotes are useful for capturing the most useful and clear explanations." (9.18.21)

22. "It's all about focusing on the single page." (9.18.21)

23. "There's infinite room for experimentation with all the materials and quotes available to us." (9.18.21)

License: CC BY-SA 4.0
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Saturday, September 18, 2021

Collection of major news organizations

This post is a collection of major news organizations. There are 36 organizations listed below alphabetically.

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Friday, September 17, 2021

Collection of encyclopedia websites

This post is a collection of encyclopedia websites. There are 28 websites listed below alphabetically.

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Thursday, September 16, 2021

Collection of economic data websites

This post is a collection of economic data websites. There are 14 websites listed below alphabetically.

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Tuesday, September 7, 2021

Basic timeline of Bell Labs

This post is a basic timeline of Bell Labs. There are 40 events listed below chronologically.

  • Alexander Graham Bell receives a patent for the telephone (1877)
  • Alexander Graham Bell founds Bell Telephone Company (1877)
  • Bell Labs is established (1925)
  • Control chart method of statistical control proposed (1924)
  • Synchronous-sound motion picture (1926)
  • Long-distance television images (1927)
  • Radio astronomy long-distance shortwave communication research (1931)
  • Vocoder electronic speech compression (1937)
  • Complex number calculator (1939)
  • Relay computer (1943)
  • Ballistic computer (1944)
  • General purpose electromechanical computer (1947)
  • Transistor (1947)
  • Zone melting semiconductor method (1952)
  • Karnaugh map for Boolean algebra (1953)
  • Solar cell (1954)
  • TAT-1 transatlantic communications cable (1956)
  • MUSIC electronic music program (1957)
  • BEFLIX animation language (1960's)
  • Electret microphone (1962)
  • Telstar 1 communications satellite (1962)
  • Carbon dioxide laser (1964)
  • Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (1966)
  • UNIX computer operating system (1969)
  • Charge-coupled device (1969)
  • Transistor-transistor logic (1970's)
  • C programming language (1972)
  • Source Code Control System (1972)
  • Plan 9 from Bell Labs operating system (1980's)
  • Time-division multiple access (TCMA) (1980)
  • Code-division multiple access (CDMA) (1980)
  • C++ programming language (1985)
  • Photoconductive antennas (1984)
  • TAT-8 transatlantic fiber-optic cable (1988)
  • Quantum cascade laser (1994)
  • SCALPEL electron lithography (1996)
  • Bell Laboratories is spun off as Lucent Technologies (1996)
  • Optimal router (1998)
  • Alcatel acquires Lucent Technologies (2006)
  • Nokia acquires Alcatel-Lucent (2016)

Sources
Wikipedia: Bell Labs, AT&T
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Basic timeline of AT&T

This post is a basic timeline of AT&T. There are 24 events listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

  • Alexander Graham Bell receives a patent for the telephone (1877)
  • Alexander Graham Bell founds Bell Telephone Company (1877)
  • Renamed to American Bell Company (1880)
  • American Telephone and Telegraph Company acquires American Bell (1889)
  • AT&T begins acquiring competitors (1907)
  • Kingsbury Commitment to limit AT&T acquisitions (1913)
  • AT&T acquires triode vacuum tube from Lee de Forest (1913)
  • First transcontinental telephone call (1915)
  • U.S. government nationalizes the telecommunications industry (1918)
  • Bell Labs is established (1925)
  • Transatlantic radio service (1927)
  • Transatlantic telephone cable (1956)
  • Telstar 1 communications satellite (1962)
  • FCC allows devices to connect to AT&T's network (1968)
  • United States v. AT&T antitrust suit (1974)
  • United States v. AT&T is settled and AT&T is split into 7 companies (1982)
  • Southwestern Bell Telephone Company (SBC) is established (1984)
  • AT&T acquires NCR Corporation (1991)
  • AT&T acquires McCaw Cellular (1994)
  • AT&T becomes publicly traded (2001)
  • AT&T merges with Cingular Wireless (2004)
  • SBC acquires AT&T Corporation (2005)
  • AT&T acquires BellSouth (2006)
  • AT&T merger with T-Mobile is rejected (2011)
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Monday, September 6, 2021

Basic timeline of Fairchild Semiconductor

This post is a basic timeline of Fairchild Semiconductor. There are 20 events listed below chronologically.

  • William Shockley founds Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory within Beckman Instruments (1956)
  • Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory employees found Fairchild Semiconductor (1957)
  • 2N697 transistor (1958)
  • Silicon integrated circuit (1960)
  • Planar integrated circuit (1960)
  • Development on MOSFET transistors (1960's)
  • MOS p-channel devices (1964)
  • µA702 integrated circuit (1964)
  • µA741 integrated circuit (1968)
  • Commercial charge-coupled device (1973)
  • Fairchild F8 8-bit microprocessor (1975)
  • Fairchild Video Entertainment System (1976)
  • Fairchild Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence Research (FLAIR) (1980)
  • Development on Clipper architecture (1980's)
  • C1000 chip (1986)
  • Fairchild Semiconductor is sold to National Semiconductor (1987)
  • Fairchild Semiconductor becomes independent again (1997)
  • Fairchild Semiconductor acquires Raytheon Corporation (1997)
  • Becomes publicly traded (1999)
  • ON Semiconductor acquires Fairchild Semiconductor (2016)

Sources
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Basic timeline of Texas Instruments

This post is a basic timeline of Texas Instruments. There are 35 events listed below chronologically.

  • Geophysical Service Inc. is founded (1930)
  • Reorganized as Coronado Corp. (1939)
  • Submarine detection technology (1942)
  • Renamed to Texas Instruments (1951)
  • First workable silicon transistor (1954)
  • First transistor radio (Regency TR-1) (1954)
  • Jack Kilby invents the integrated circuit at Texas Instruments (1958)
  • Develops AAA-4 infrared search and track technology (late 1950's)
  • 7400 series transistor-transistor logic chips (1960's)
  • F-4B Phantom passive scanning technology (1960's)
  • AGM-45 Strike guidance and control system defense contract (1961)
  • First forward looking infrared (1963)
  • First hand-held calculator (1967)
  • Mariner Program data system (1968)
  • Begins developing laser guidance system (1964)
  • Harpoon Seeker missile contact (1969)
  • First single-chip microcomputer (1971)
  • SR-10 calculator (1973)
  • SR-50 calculator (1974)
  • AGM-88 HARM high-speed antiradiation missile (1961)
  • TI-30 calculator (1976)
  • First single-chip speech synthesizer (1978)
  • TI-99/4 home computer (1979)
  • Explorer Lisp machines (1980's)
  • Invents the digital light processing device (DLP) (1987)
  • TI-81 calculator (1990)
  • AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon contact (1991)
  • TI-85 calculator (1992)
  • TI-86 calculator (1996)
  • TI-89 calculator (1998)
  • TI-83 calculator (1999)
  • Texas Instruments sells defense business to Raytheon (1997)
  • TI-84 Plus calculator (2004)
  • TI-Nspire calculator (2007)
  • Texas Instruments acquires National Semiconductor (2011)

Sources
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Basic timeline of Xerox

This post is a basic timeline of Xerox. There are 26 events listed below chronologically.

  • Haloid Photographic Company is founded (1906)
  • Physicist Chester Carlson invents image printing process (1938)
  • Haloid purchases Carlson's image printing process (1946)
  • Flat-plate 1385 (developed before Xerox 914)
  • Copyflo microfilm printer (1955)
  • Renamed to Haloid Xerox (1958)
  • Xerox 914 photocopier (1959)
  • Xerox becomes publicly traded (1960)
  • Renamed to Xerox (1961)
  • Xerox 913 paper copier (1963)
  • Long distance xerography system (1964)
  • Xerox 2400 (1966)
  • Xerox 3600 (after Xerox 2400)
  • Laser printing is invented by Gary Starkweather at Xerox (1969)
  • Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) (1970)
  • Xerox 6500 color copier (1971)
  • Xerox 1200 non-impact printer (1973)
  • Xerox Alto minicomputer (1973)
  • Xerox 9700 laser printer (1977)
  • Steve Jobs sees the WIMP system (1979)
  • Xerox 5700 laser printer (1980)
  • Xerox Star computer (1981)
  • Memorywriter electronic typewriter (1981)
  • Xerox Daybreak (1985)
  • DocuTech print technology (1990)
  • Fujifilm acquires 50.1% equity stake in Xerox (2018)

Sources
Wikipedia: Xerox, Xerox Daybreak
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Basic timeline of Intel

This post is a basic timeline of Intel. There are 33 events listed below chronologically.

  • Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore found Intel (1968)
  • 3101 Schottky TTL bipolar 64-bit SRAM (1969)
  • 3301 Schottky bipolar 1024-bit ROM (1969)
  • 1101 MOSFET silicon gate SRAM (1969)
  • Intel 1103 dynamic random-access memory (1970)
  • Intel becomes publicly traded (1971)
  • Intel 4004 microprocessor (1971)
  • Intel 8008 8-bit microprocessor (1972)
  • Intel 8080 general purpose microprocessor (1974)
  • Intel MCS-48 microcontroller (1976)
  • Intel 8086 16-bit microprocessor (1978)
  • Intel 286 16-bit microprocessor (1982)
  • CHMOS technology is released (1983)
  • CHMOS DRAM is released (1984)
  • iPSC/1 (1985)
  • Intel 386 32-bit processor (1985)
  • Intel 486 microprocessor (1989)
  • Intel ends support for RISC architecture (1991)
  • Pentium processor (1993)
  • Pentium Pro processor (1995)
  • Pentium MMX (1996)
  • Pentium II processor (1997)
  • Pentium II Xeon processor (1998)
  • Pentium III microprocessor (1999)
  • Pentium 4 processor (2000)
  • Centrino processor (2003)
  • Nocona 64-bit processor (2004)
  • Core 2 Duo processor (2006)
  • Intel Atom microprocessor (2008)
  • Nehalem i7 microprocessor (2008)
  • Sandy Bridge i7 microprocessor (2011)
  • Haswell processor (2013)
  • Intel Quark processor (2013)

Sources
Wikipedia: Timeline of Intel, Intel
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Basic timeline of IBM

This post is a basic timeline of IBM. There are 87 events listed below chronologically. Sources: Wikipedia

  • Tabulating Machine Company (1884)
  • Bundy Manufacturing Company is founded (1889)
  • Punch cards used for U.S. Census (1890)
  • International Time Recording Company is founded (1900)
  • Computing Scale Company of America is founded (1901)
  • Hollerith Type I Tabulator automatic card feed (1906)
  • Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR) is founded as a holding company (1911)
  • Thomas J. Watson becomes President of CTR (1915)
  • Printing tabulator (1920)
  • Renamed to International Business Machines (IBM) (1924)
  • Subtracting tabulator with 80-column card (1928)
  • Multiplying tabulator (1931)
  • IBM 801 check clearing machine (1934)
  • IBM 077 Collator (1937)
  • IBM 805 test scoring machine (1937)
  • ASCC large-scale calculating computer (1944)
  • Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory (1945)
  • IBM 603 commercial calculator (1946)
  • IBM SSEC digital calculating machine (1948)
  • IBM 701 electronic computer (1952)
  • Magnetic tape vacuum column (1952)
  • IBM 650 magnetic drum data-processing machine (1953)
  • Naval Ordinance Research Computer (1954)
  • IBM 305 RAMAC magnetic hard disk drive (1956)
  • U.S. Justice Department consent decree against IBM (1956)
  • IBM 704 programmed to play checkers (1956)
  • FORTRAN programming language (1957)
  • SAGE AN/FSQ-7 defense computer (1958)
  • IBM 1401 transistorized computer (1959)
  • IBM 1403 chain printer (1959)
  • IBM 7030 Stretch computer (1961)
  • Thomas J. Watson Research Center (1961)
  • IBM Selectric typewriter (1961)
  • SABRE airline reservation system (1962)
  • IBM System/360 computer (1964)
  • Dynamic Random-Access Memory (DRAM) (1966)
  • IBM System/4 Pi computer (1966)
  • Information Management System (IMS) (1966)
  • Benoit Mandelbrot discovers fractal geometry at IBM (1967)
  • Customer Information Control System (CICS) (1968)
  • Magnetic stripe cards (1969)
  • First moon landing uses IBM computers (1969)
  • IBM System/370 computer (1970)
  • Relational database (1970)
  • IBM VNET networking system (1970's)
  • Speech recognition (1971)
  • Floppy disk (1971)
  • 3614 Consumer Transaction Facility (1973)
  • IBM 3340 disk unit (1973)
  • Systems Network Architecture (SNA) protocol (1974)
  • IBM 5100 portable computer (1975)
  • IBM 3800 laser printer (1976)
  • Data Encryption Standard (DES) (1977)
  • Universal Product Code (UPC) (1979)
  • IBM 6670 Information Distributor (1979)
  • IBM 3081 thermal conduction module (1980)
  • Reduced instruction set computing (RISC) (1980)
  • IBM Personal Computer (1981)
  • LASIK eye surgery (1981)
  • Trellis-coded modulation (1982)
  • IBM PCjr (1983)
  • IBM 3480 magnetic tape system (1984)
  • Token Ring networks (1985)
  • High Integrity Computing Laboratory established (1987)
  • IBM AS/400 (1988)
  • National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) (1988)
  • Silicon germanium transistors (1989)
  • IBM System/390 computer (1990)
  • RISC System/6000 computer (1990)
  • ThinkPad computers (1992)
  • Scalable POWERparallel System (1993)
  • RAMAC Array Storage Family (1994)
  • IBM Personal Dictation System (IPDS) (1994)
  • IBM acquires Lotus Development Corporation (1995)
  • Deep Blue (IBM RS/6000 SP) beats Garry Kasparov in chess (1997)
  • CMOS Gigaprocessor (1998)
  • Blue Gene computer architecture project (1999)
  • Quantum mirage nanotechnology (2000)
  • IBM ASCI White (2000)
  • Flexible transistors (2000)
  • Carbon nanotube transistors (2001)
  • Crusade Against Cancer project (2005)
  • IBM PC division is sold to Lenovo (2005)
  • IBM Stream Computing (2007)
  • Watson beats Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter in Jeopardy! (2011)
  • IBM acquires Red Hat (2018)
  • IBM announces company split (2020)
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Sunday, September 5, 2021

Basic timeline of the World Wide Web

This post is a basic timeline of the World Wide Web. There are 15 events listed below chronologically.

  • Tim Berners Lee creates the World Wide Web (1989)
  • HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) (1990)
  • HyperText Markup Language (HTML) (1990)
  • WorldWideWeb browser (1990)
  • HTTP server software (1990)
  • MPEG video format (1991)
  • JPEG image format (1992)
  • NSCA Mosaic (1993)
  • Netscape Navigator (1994)
  • First International WWW Conference (1994)
  • World Wide Web Consortium (1994)
  • Microsoft Explorer (1995)
  • Google Search (1998)
  • Wikipedia (2001)
  • Dot-com bubble crash (2001)

Sources
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Basic timeline of the internet

This post is a basic timeline of the internet. There are 27 events listed below chronologically.

  • Paul Baran and Donald Davies propose packet switching independently (1960's)
  • First e-mail services (1965)
  • ARPANET (1969-1990)
  • NPL network (1969)
  • File Transfer Protocol (1971)
  • CYCLADES project (1971)
  • International Networking Working Group (1972)
  • Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) (1974)
  • Internet Protocol (IP) (1974)
  • X.25 protocol (1976)
  • Unix-to-Unix Copy (UUCP) (1979)
  • Usenet (1980)
  • Computer Science Network (1981)
  • National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) (1985-1995)
  • Domain Name System (DNS) (1985)
  • Internet Engineering Task Force (1986)
  • Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (1988)
  • World Wide Web (1989)
  • Internet Society (1992)
  • NCSA Mosaic (1993)
  • Netscape Navigator (1994)
  • Border Gateway Protocol (1994)
  • Classless Inter-Domain Routing (1994)
  • Microsoft Internet Explorer (1995)
  • ICANN (1998)
  • Wireless Application Protocol (1999)
  • Dot.com bubble crash (2001)

Sources
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Basic timeline of Lego

This post is a basic timeline of Lego. There are 20 events listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

  • Ole Kirk Christiansen founds Lego Group (1932)
  • Lego Group begins making toys (1932)
  • Lego Group purchases plastic molding machine (1947)
  • Automatic Binding Bricks (1949)
  • Hollow tube bricks (1958)
  • Cellulose acetate bricks (1964)
  • Lego Trains (1966)
  • Legoland Park opens in Billund, Denmark (1968)
  • Lego Duplo (1969)
  • Lego Technic (1977)
  • First Lego minifigures (1978)
  • Lego Space (1978)
  • Lego Castle (1978)
  • Lego Pirates (1989)
  • Lego Star Wars (1999)
  • Lego Harry Potter (2000)
  • Bionicle (2001)
  • The Lego Movie (2014)
  • The Lego Batman Movie (2017)
  • The Lego Movie 2 (2019)
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Basic timeline of Sony

This post is a basic timeline of Sony. There are 24 events listed below chronologically.

  • Masaru Ibuka and Akio Morita found Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo K.K. (1946)
  • TR-55 transistor radio (1955)
  • TR-6 transistor radio (1956)
  • TR-63 transistor radio (1957)
  • Renamed to Sony (1958)
  • TV8-301 television (1960)
  • TC-50 cassette recorder (1969)
  • VP-1000 videocassette recorder (1971)
  • Walkman stereo cassette player (1979)
  • Sony Life insurance (1979)
  • CDP-101 compact disc (1981)
  • Sony Mavica electric camera (1981)
  • Begins producing lithium-ion batteries (1991)
  • Sony Pictures Entertainment is formed (1991)
  • PlayStation (1994)
  • Memory Stick (1998)
  • PlayStation 2 (2000)
  • Sony Bank (2001)
  • PlayStation Portable (2004)
  • PlayStation 3 (2006)
  • PlayStation Vita (2011)
  • PlayStation 4 (2013)
  • PlayStation VR (2016)
  • PlayStation 5 (2020)

Sources
Wikipedia: History of Sony, Sony
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Basic timeline of Nintendo

This post is a basic timeline of Nintendo. There are 28 events listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

  • Fusajiro Yamauchi founds Yamauchi Nintendo to sell hanafuda cards (1889)
  • Renamed to Nintendo Karuta (1950)
  • Begins producing plastic playing cards (1953)
  • Agreement to use Disney characters on playing cards (1959)
  • Renamed to Nintendo (1963)
  • Ultra Hand toy (1966)
  • Ultra Machine toy (1967)
  • Nintendo Beam Gun (1970)
  • Color Game TV (1977)
  • Game & Watch (1980)
  • Donkey Kong (1981)
  • Mario Bros. (1983)
  • Super Mario Bros. (1983)
  • Nintendo Entertainment System (1983)
  • The Legend of Zelda (1986)
  • Game Boy (1989)
  • Super Nintendo Entertainment System (1991)
  • Pokémon (1995)
  • Nintendo 64 (1996)
  • Game Boy Color (1998)
  • Zelda Ocarina of Time (1998)
  • Game Boy Advance (2001)
  • GameCube (2001)
  • Nintendo DS (2004)
  • Wii (2006)
  • Nintendo 3DS (2011)
  • Wii U (2012)
  • Nintendo Switch (2016)
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Basic timeline of Linux


Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, lewing@isc.tamu.edu Larry Ewing and The GIMP, README/Copyright notice

This post is a basic timeline of Linux operating system. There are 17 events listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

  • Linus Torvalds begins working on Linux at University of Helsinki (1991)
  • X Window System is ported to Linux (1992)
  • Linux kernel is released under the GNU General Public License (1992)
  • Debian Project is established (1993)
  • Linux 1.0 is released (1994)
  • Linux 2.0 is released (1996)
  • KDE desktop environment is released (1998)
  • Open Source Development Lab is created (2000)
  • SCO Group files lawsuit against IBM for UNIX copyright (2003)
  • Linux 2.6 is released (2003)
  • X.Org Foundation is created (2004)
  • openSUSE is formed (2005)
  • Microsoft submits 22,000 lines of source code to Linux kernel (2009)
  • Ubuntu is released (2011)
  • Linux 3.0 is released (2011)
  • Linux 4.0 is released (2015)
  • Linux 5.0 is released (2019)
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Basic timeline of central banks in the United States

This post is a basic timeline of central banks in the United States. There are 4 central banks listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

  • Bank of North America (1781-1785)
  • First Bank of the United States (1791-1811)
  • Second Bank of the United States (1816-1836)
  • Federal Reserve (1913 - now)
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Saturday, September 4, 2021

Basic timeline of the financial crisis of 2007-2008 in the United States

This post is a basic timeline of the financial crisis of 2007-2008. There are 21 events listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

  • Glass-Steagall Act is repealed (1999)
  • U.S. housing market reach peak prices (2006)
  • New Century files for bankruptcy (Apr. 2nd, 2007)
  • Bear Stearns liquidates two hedge funds (Jul. 31, 2007)
  • Northern Rock bank run (Sept. 14, 2007)
  • Bank of America acquires Countrywide Financial (Jan. 11, 2008)
  • JPMorgan Chase acquires Bear Stearns (Mar. 17, 2008)
  • IndyMac files for bankruptcy (Jul. 11, 2008)
  • U.S. government takes over Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac (Sept. 7th, 2008)
  • Bank of America acquires Merrill Lynch (Sept. 14th, 2008)
  • Lehman Brothers files for bankruptcy (Sept. 15th, 2008)
  • Federal Reserve takes over American International Group (Sept. 16th, 2008)
  • Federal Reserve agrees to temporarily insure money market (Sept. 19th, 2008)
  • Washington Mutual files for bankruptcy (Sept. 26th, 2008)
  • Emergency Economic Stabilization Act passed (Oct. 3rd, 2008)
  • Federal Reserve creates TALF lending program (Nov. 25th, 2008)
  • Troubled Asset Relief Program (2008-2014)
  • American Recovery and Reinvestment Act passed (Feb 13, 2009)
  • Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act passed (May 2010)
  • Federal Reserve announces second round of quantitative easing (Nov. 3rd, 2010)
  • Federal Reserve announces third round of quantitative easing (Sept. 13, 2012)
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List of UN Sustainable Development Goals (2016)

This list of UN Sustainable Development Goals established in 2016 to achieve by 2030. There are 17 goals listed below. Source: Wikipedia
  1. No poverty
  2. Zero hunger
  3. Good health and well-being
  4. Quality education
  5. Gender equality
  6. Clean water and sanitation
  7. Affordable and clean energy
  8. Decent work and economic growth
  9. Industry, innovation and infrastructure
  10. Reducing inequality
  11. Sustainable cities and communities
  12. Responsible consumption and production
  13. Climate action
  14. Life below water
  15. Life on land
  16. Peace, justice and strong institutions
  17. Partnerships for the goals
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List of UN Millennium Development Goals (2000)

This list of UN Millennium Development Goals established in 2000 to achieve by 2015. There are 8 goals listed below. Source: Wikipedia
  1. To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
  2. To achieve universal primary education
  3. To promote gender equality and empower women
  4. To reduce child mortality
  5. To improve maternal health
  6. To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
  7. To ensure environmental sustainability
  8. To develop a global partnership for development
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Basic timeline of encyclopedias

This post is a basic timeline of encyclopedias. There are 30 encyclopedias listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

  • Nine Books of Disciplines - Marus Terentius Varro (1st century BC)
  • Naturalis Historia - Pliny the Elder (77 AD)
  • Brihat Samhita - Varahamihira (6th century AD)
  • Etymologiae - Isidore of Seville (600 AD)
  • Bibliotheca - Photius (9th century AD)
  • De Universo - Rabanus Maurus (830 AD)
  • Suda - Byzantine scholars (10th century AD)
  • Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity - Iraq (10th century AD)
  • Four Great Books of Song - China (11th century AD)
  • De Proprietatibus Rerum - Bartholomew of England (1240)
  • Speculum Maius - Vincent of Beauvais (1260)
  • Yongle Encyclopedia - China (1408)
  • Nuremberg Chronicle - Hartmann Schedel (1493)
  • Margartia Philosphica - Gregor Reisch (1503)
  • Pseudodoxia Epidemica - Thomas Browne (1646)
  • Lexicon Technicum - John Harris (1708)
  • Cyclopaedia - Ephraim Chambers (1728)
  • Encyclopedie - Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert (1751)
  • Encyclopedia Britannica - Colin Macfarquhar and Andrew Bell (1768)
  • Brockhaus Enzykopadie - Renatus Lobel and Christian Franke (1796)
  • Edinburgh Encyclopedia - William Blackwood and David Brewster (1808)
  • Penny Cyclopaedia - Charles Knight and Penny Magazine (1833)
  • Chamber's Encyclopedia - William Chambers and Robert Chambers (1859)
  • Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary - Brockhaus-Efron (1890)
  • Wagnalls Standard Encyclopedia - Funk & Wagnalls (1912)
  • World Book - Hanson-Roach-Fowler Company (1917)
  • Harmsworth's Universal Encyclopedia - John Hammerton (1921)
  • Microsoft Encarta - Microsoft (1993)
  • Wikipedia - Wikimedia Foundation (2001)
  • Baidu Baike - Baidu (2006)
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Basic timeline of telescopes


Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, NASA

This post is a basic timeline of the telescope. There are 25 events listed below chronologically.

  • First use of eyeglasses in Northern Italy (13th century)
  • Patent for the telescope is submitted by Hans Lippershey (1608)
  • Improved telescope invented by Galileo Galilei (1609)
  • Theory of telescopes provided by Johannes Kepler (1611)
  • Reflector telescope built by Isaac Newton (1668)
  • Improved reflector telescope is constructed by Laurent Cassegrain (1672)
  • Achromatic lens telescope built by Chester Moore Hall (1733)
  • Achromatic lens telescopes is commercially produced by John Dollond (1758)
  • Silvering glass mirror telescope built by Leon Foucault (1857)
  • Yerkes Observatory refractor is constructed (1897)
  • Ritchey-Chretien variant of reflector telescope is invented (1910)
  • Hooker Telescope is constructed (1917)
  • Radio telescope is constructed by Grote Reber (1937)
  • Hale Telescope is constructed (1948)
  • Ultraviolet telescope Orbiting Solar Observatory is launched (1962)
  • X-ray telescope experiments begin (1962)
  • Gramma-ray telescope OSO 3 satellite is launched (1967)
  • International Ultraviolet Explorer is launched (1978)
  • IRAS satellite is launched (1983)
  • Cosmic Background Explorer is constructed (1989)
  • Hubble Space Telescope is launched (1990)
  • Keck Telescope is constructed (1993-1996)
  • Large Millimeter Telescope is constructed (2006)
  • Gran Telescopio Canarias is constructed (2008)
  • James Webb Space Telescope planned launch (2021)

Sources
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Basic timeline of U.S. Bancorp

This post is a basic timeline of U.S. Bancorp. There are 10 events listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

  • Farmers and Millers Bank (Firstar Corporation) is founded (1853)
  • First National Bank of Cincinnati is founded (1863)
  • First National Bank of Minneapolis is founded (1864)
  • United States National Bank of Portland is founded (1891)
  • U.S. National Bank of Portland merges with Ainsworth National Bank (1902)
  • First National Bank of Minneapolis merges with First National Bank of St. Paul (1929)
  • U.S. Bancorp of Oregon reorganizes (1969)
  • First Bank acquires U.S. Bancorp of Oregon (1997)
  • Firstar Corporation acquires U.S. Bancorp (2001)
  • Troubled Asset Relief Program bailout (2009)
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Basic timeline of Morgan Stanley

This post is a basic timeline of Morgan Stanley. There are 7 events listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

  • Morgan Stanley becomes private from J.P. Morgan & Co. (1935)
  • Morgan Stanley merges with Dean Witter Discover & Co. (1997)
  • Discover Card becomes private from Morgan Stanley (2006)
  • Troubled Asset Relief Program bailout (2009)
  • Morgan Stanley acquires Smith Barney (2009)
  • Morgan Stanley acquires E-Trade (2020)
  • Morgan Stanley acquires Eaton Vance (2020)
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Basic timeline of Goldman Sachs

This post is a basic timeline of Goldman Sachs. There are 11 events listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

  • Goldman Sachs is founded (1869)
  • Goldman Sachs begins providing initial public offerings (1906)
  • Goldman Sachs Trading Corp fund is launched (1928)
  • Goldman Sachs acquires J. Aron & Company (1981)
  • Goldman Sachs Asset Management is formed (1986)
  • Goldman Sachs Commodity Index (GSCI) is launched (1994)
  • Goldman Sachs acquires Spear, Leeds & Kellogg (2000)
  • Berkshire Hathaway acquires $5 billion equity stake of Goldman Sachs (2008)
  • Troubled Asset Relief Program bailout (2009)
  • Goldman Sachs Global Alpha hedge fund is shut down (2011)
  • Goldman Sachs acquires General Electric Capital Bank (2015)
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Basic timeline of the Great Depression in the United States


Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, Associated Press

This post is basic timeline of the Great Depression in the United States. There are 14 events listed below chronologically.

  • Wall Street crash begins (Sept. 4th, 1929)
  • Black Thursday (Oct. 24th, 1929)
  • Black Tuesday (Oct. 29th, 1929)
  • Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930
  • New Deal programs (1933-1939)
  • Civilian Conservation Corps is formed (1933)
  • National Recovery Administration is formed (1933)
  • Federal Reserve abandons the gold standard (1933)
  • Emergency Banking Act (1933)
  • Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation is formed (1933)
  • Works Progress Administration (1935)
  • Social Security Act (1935)
  • Recession of 1937-1938
  • U.S. government increases military spending for World War II (1940)
Sources
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Basic timeline of Wells Fargo

This post is a basic timeline of Wells Fargo. There are 10 events listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

  • Wells Fargo is formed (1852)
  • Wells Fargo merges with Union Trust Company (1923)
  • Northwest Bancorporation is formed (1929)
  • Wells Fargo merges with American Trust Company (1960)
  • Wells Fargo acquires First Interstate Bancorp (1996)
  • Northwest Corporation acquires Wells Fargo (1998)
  • Wells Fargo acquires Wachovia (2008)
  • U.S. government acquires $25 billion equity stake of Well Fargo (2008)
  • Troubled Asset Relief Program bailout (2009)
  • Well Fargo redeems $25 billion from U.S. government (2009)
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Basic timeline of Citigroup

This post is a basic timeline of Citigroup. There are 18 events listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

  • City Bank of New York founded (1812)
  • Smith Barney is founded (1873)
  • Banamex is founded (1888)
  • Salomon Brothers is founded (1910)
  • City Bank of New York acquires International Banking Corporation (1918)
  • City Bank of New York merges with First National Bank of New York (1955)
  • First National City Corporation changes name to Citicorp (1974)
  • Travelers Group is becomes private from Control Data Corporation (1986)
  • Travelers Group acquires Salomon Brothers (1997)
  • Citigroup is formed from merger of Citicorp and Travelers Group (1998)
  • Citigroup acquires Associates First Capital Corporation (2000)
  • Citigroup acquires Banamex (2001)
  • Travelers Property and Casualty becomes private from Citigroup (2002)
  • Troubled Asset Relief Program bailout (2009)
  • U.S. government acquires 36% equity stake of Citigroup (2009)
  • Smith Barney merges with Morgan Stanley Wealth Management (2009)
  • U.S. government sells equity stake in Citigroup (2010)
  • Citigroup sells Smith Barney to Morgan Stanley Wealth Management (2013)
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Friday, September 3, 2021

Basic timeline of Bank of America

This post is a basic timeline of Bank of America. There are 15 events listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

  • Massachusetts Bank is founded (1784)
  • Commercial National Bank is founded (1874)
  • Bank of Italy is founded (1904)
  • Bank of America, Los Angeles is formed (1923)
  • Bank of Italy acquires Bank of America, Los Angeles (1928)
  • American Commercial Bank is formed in merger (1958)
  • North Carolina National Bank is formed in merger (1960)
  • NationsBank is formed in merger (1991)
  • NationsBank acquires Bank of America (1998)
  • Bank of America acquires FleetBoston (Massachusetts Bank) (2004)
  • Bank of America acquires LaSalle Bank Corporation (2007)
  • Bank of America acquires Countrywide Financial (2008)
  • Bank of America acquires Merrill Lynch & Co. (2008)
  • Troubled Asset Relief Program bailout (2009)
  • U.S. Justice Department fines Bank of America $17 billion (2014)
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Basic timeline of J.P. Morgan Chase

This post is a basic timeline of JPMorgan Chase. There are 18 events listed below chronologically.

  • Chemical Bank is founded (1823)
  • Drexel, Morgan & Co. is founded (1871)
  • Drexel, Morgan & Co. is renamed to J.P. Morgan & Co. (1895)
  • Morgan Stanley is founded (1935)
  • Chemical Bank acquires Corn Exchange Bank (1954)
  • Chase Manhattan Bank is formed (1955)
  • J.P. Morgan & Co. merges with Guaranty Trust Company of New York (1959)
  • Morgan Guaranty Trust acquires Purdue National Corporation (1984)
  • Chemical Bank acquires Texas Commerce Bank (1986)
  • Chemical Bank acquires Manufacturer's Hanover Trust Company (1991)
  • Chemical Bank acquires Chase Manhattan Bank (1996)
  • Bank One Corporation is formed from merger of Banc One and First Chicago NBD (1998)
  • J.P. Morgan Chase acquires Bank One Corporation (2004)
  • Jamie Dimon becomes CEO of J.P. Morgan Chase (2005)
  • J.P. Morgan Chase acquires Bear Stearns (2008)
  • J.P. Morgan Chase acquires Washington Mutual (2008)
  • Troubled Asset Relief Program bailout (2009)
  • U.S. Justice Department fines J.P. Morgan Chase $13 billion (2013)

Sources
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