- Continuation of the Eastern Roman Empire
- Capital: Constantinople
- State religion: Christianity
- Theodosius I ruled 379 - 395 AD
- Justinian I ruled 527 - 565 AD
- Justinian I reconquered Italy in the Gothic War (535 - 554 AD)
- Plague of Justinian (541 - 549 AD)
- Byzantine-Sasanian War (602-628 AD)
- Levant and Egypt lost to Rashidun Caliphate
- Africa lost to Umayyad Caliphate
- Komnenian restoration (1081 - 1185 AD)
- Sack of Constantinople 1204 AD
- Constantinople recovered 1261 AD
- Byzantine-Ottoman wars (1299 - 1453 AD)
- Conquered by Ottoman Empire 1453 AD
Sources