Fundamentals of electromagnetism

This post is a list of fundamental principles of electromagnetism. There are 16 principles listed below.

1. Charged particles have an electric field in all directions (positive or negative)
2. Particles of the opposite charge attract eachother
3. Particles of the same charge repel eachother
4. Electrons have a negative charge
5. Charged particles have a magnetic field (north and south orientation)
6. Opposite magnetic poles attract eachother
7. Magnets have coordinated particles pointing in the same magnetic field
8. Electrons moving in a wire is an electric current in the opposite direction
9. Electric current is caused by a charge imbalance in a circuit or change in an magnetic field
10. An electric current creates a magnetic field curling around it (near field)
11. An accelerating electric field creates a perpendicular magnetic field (far field)
12. An accelerating magnetic field creates a perpendicular electric field (far field)
13. Electric and magnetic fields propagate together through space (far field)
14. Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light
15. Electromagnetic waves vary in frequency
16. Visible light is an electromagnetic wave in a specific frequency range

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List of versions of M-theory

This post is a list of versions of M-theory. M-theory is a physics theory proposed by Edward Witten in 1995 as an attempt to unify the 5 versions of string theory. There are 5 versions listed below alphabetically. Source: Wikipedia

• E8xE8
• SO(32)
• Type I
• Type IIA
• Type IIB

List of Millennium Prize Problems

This post is a list of the Millennium Prize Problems. The Millenium Prize Problems are a list of mathematics problems proposed by the Clay Mathematics Institute in 2000. There are 7 problems listed below alphabetically. Source: claymath.org

• Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture
• Hodge conjecture
• Navier-Stokes equation
• P versus NP
• Poincaré conjecture
• Riemann hypothesis
• Yang-Mills and the mass gap

Collection of quotes from Principles of Epistemology

This post is a list of quotes from my essay Principles of Epistemology (2025). There are 29 quotes and 7 chapters listed below chronologically.

A. Truth (3)

B. Knowledge (4)

C. Language (6)

D. Representation (4)

E. Reason (6)

F. Understanding (4)

G. Phenomena (2)

A. Truth

1. "Reality is the actual state of affairs."

2. "True is the attribute of being an accurate representation of reality."

3. "When our propositions correctly reflect reality, we are saying something that is true. Determining whether a proposition is true or false is central to epistemology."

B. Knowledge

4. "Knowledge is a correctly justified and certain true belief."

5. "Additionally, knowledge must be 'correctly' justified. This means correct justification is used rather than faulty justification."

6. "There is a subjective line between justified and not-justified. I don't have a strict criteria for what constitutes as a good reason."

7. "Over the course of a lifetime, a person will accumulate a giant list of beliefs about reality."

C. Language

9. "A concept is a general representation... Generality is the essential aspect of a concept."

8. "Most words have multiple meanings. Therefore, most words have multiple definitions."

10. "Language is formed through establishment rather than usage... Imagine somebody starts using a word in a new way. In this case, usage and establishment occur at the same time, but establishment is more important for creating meaning."

11. "A meaning is an underlying representation."

12. "Syntax is a system of rules for the ordering of words."

13. "With the exception of mathematics and symbolic logic equations, it's impossible to make a 100% objective proposition. The most objective-looking statements can always be twisted and purposefully misinterpreted."

D. Representation

14. "If establishing knowledge is a central goal, another central goal is to create true physical representations of reality... This includes all of our models, descriptions, equations and illustrations."

15. "Although we often use images to display information, sometimes it's more effective to use words. This is why we often see descriptions attached to images."

16. "Explanations are useful for understanding the world. Explanations shine light on the mysteries of reality."

17. "Mathematics is the study of numbers, lines and shapes."

E. Reason

18. "Reason is the process of forming conclusions using explicit justifications or premises."

19. "A reason is something intended to support the accuracy of a proposition."

20. "Science is a method of establishing knowledge through controlled experiments."

21. "Logic is the process of forming conclusions using objective reasons or premises."

22. "Intuition is the process of forming beliefs based on unclear reasons."

23. "Similar to taking an object off a shelf, we can look into the mind and grab a piece of information."

F. Understanding

24. "Understanding is the condition of knowing the core nature of something."

25. "A principle is a proposition that contributes to the structure of a topic."

26. "A fundamental is a core principle."

27. "A system is a set of interrelated things that form a unified whole."

G. Phenomena

28. "Every detail of experience is a phenomenon. This includes every event, attribute, object, piece of information, thought and anything else that can be observed."

29. "Experience is the totality of past and present sense data."

License: CC BY-SA 4.0