- World's earliest known civilization
- Located along Tigris and Euphrates rivers
- Ubaid period (c. 6500 - 4100 BC)
- Uruk period (c. 4100 - 3100 BC)
- Proto-writing (c. 4000 - 2500 BC)
- World's earliest known texts (27th century BC)
- Succeeded by Akkadian Empire (23rd century BC)