List of Scandinavian political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia)

This post is a list of Scandinavian political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia). There are 9 political leaders listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

Cnut (c. 990 - 1035 AD)

"...King of England from 1016, King of Denmark form 1018, and King of Norway from 1028... The three kingdoms united under Cnut's rule are referred to together as the North Sea Empire by historians." (Wikipedia: Cnut, 2.13.26 UTC 01:01)

Margaret I of Denmark (1353-1412)

"...queen regnant of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden (which included Finland)... founder of the Kalmar Union that joined the Scandinavian kingdoms... resist and compete against the might of the Hanseatic League... Her regency marked the beginning of a Dano-Norwegian union..." (Wikipedia: Margaret I of Denmark, 1.26.26 UTC 15:54)

Gustavus Adolphus (1594-1632)

"...King of Sweden from 1611 to 1632... credited with the rise of Sweden as a great European power... one of the primary military forces during the Thirty Years' War... conflicts with Russia and Denmark-Norway... commemorated by Protestants..." (Wikipedia: Gustavus Adolphus, 2.4.26 UTC 14:45)

Christina, Queen of Sweden (1626-1689)

"...Queen of Sweden from 1632 until her abdication in 1654... conversion to Catholicism and refusal to marry led her to relinquish her throne and move to Rome... succeeded her father Gustavus Adolphus... Torstenson War in 1644... symbol of the Counter-Reformation..." (Wikipedia: Christina, Queen of Sweden, 1.20.26 UTC 12:46)

Charles XII of Sweden (1682-1718)

"...King of Sweden from 1697 to 1718... triple alliance of Denmark-Norway, Saxony-Poland-Lithuania and Russia launched a threefold attack... Great Northern War. Leading the Swedish army against the alliance, Charles won multiple victories despite being significantly outnumbered... death at the Siege of Fredriksten in 1718." (Wikipedia: Charles XII, 1.31.26 UTC 09:17)

Charles XIV John (1763-1844)

"...King of Sweden and Norway... During the Napoleonic Wars, he participated in several battles as a Marshal of France... unexpectedly elected the heir-presumptive to the Childless King Charles XIII of Sweden... French invasion of Swedish Pomerania... creation of the Sixth Coalition by allying with Alexander I of Russia... Swedish-Norwegian War of 1814... put Norway into a union with Sweden..." (Wikipedia: Charles XIV John, 2.17.26 UTC 16:26)

Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim (1867-1951)

"...military leader of the Whites in the Finnish Civil War (1918)... as commander-in-chief of the Finnish Defense Forces during World War II (1939-1945), and as president of Finland (1944-1946)... After Bolshevik coup of November 1917 in Russia, Finland declared independence... led the Finnish Defense Forces in an invasion of the Soviet Union alongside Nazi Germany known as the Continuation War..." (Wikipedia: Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, 2.15.26 UTC 13:29)

Dag Hammarskjöld (1905-1961)

"...Swedish economist and diplomat... served as the second secretary-general of the United Nations... led initiatives to improve morale and organizational efficiency while seeking to make the UN more responsive to global issues... creation of the first UN peacekeeping forces..." (Wikipedia: Dag Hammarskjöld, 2.10.26 UTC 17:43)

Gro Harlem Brundtland (1939 - now)

"...served three terms as the prime minister of Norway (1981, 1986-1989, and 1990-1996)... director-general of the World Health Organization from 1998 to 2003... UN special envoy on Climate Change from 2007 to 2010." (Wikipedia: Gro Harlem Brundtland, 12.5.26 UTC 21:11)

License: CC BY-SA 4.0

List of Polish and Lithuanian political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia)

This post is a list of Polish and Lithuanian political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia). There are 10 political leaders listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

Mieszko I (c. 930 -992 AD)

"...founder of the first unified Polish state, the Civitas Schinesghe... member of the Piast dynasty... subjugated Kuyavia and likely Gdańsk Pomerania and Masovia... waged war for control of Western Pomerania... alliances with Bohemia, Sweden and the Holy Roman Empire..." (Wikipedia: Mieszko I, 1.30.26 UTC 18:01)

Bolesław I the Brave (c. 967 - 1025 AD)

"...Duke of Poland... first King of Poland... Duke of Bohemia... member of the Piast dynasty... son of Miesko I... fought a series of wars against Otto's cousin and heir, Henry II, ending int he Peace of Bautzen... conducted successful military campaigns to the west, south and east..." (Wikipedia: Bolesław I the Brave, 2.12.26 UTC 13:59)

Gediminas (c. 1275-1341)

"...Grand Duke of Lithuania... brought under his rule lands stretching form the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea." (Wikipedia: Gediminas, 1.16.26 UTC 14:27)

Casimir III the Great (1310-1370)

"...King of Poland... later became King of Ruthenia... last Polish king from the Piast dynasty... normalized relations with the Kingdom of Bohemia as well as the Teutonic Order... extensive legal and administrative reforms that laid the foundations of a more centralized state..." (Wikipedia: Casimir III the Great, 1.25.26 UTC 01:12)

Vytautas the Great (c. 1350-1430)

"...ruler of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania... revered as a national hero and was an important figure in the national rebirth in the 19th century..." (Wikipedia: Vytautas the Great, 2.10.26 UTC 20:20)

Władysław II Jagiełło (c. 1352-1434)

"...Grand Duke of Lithuania... becoming King of Poland... laid the foundation for the centuries-long Polish-Lithuanian union... member of the Jagiellonian dynasty... confronted the growing power of the Teutonic Order... beginning of Poland's Golden Age." (Wikipedia: Władysław II Jagiełło, 2.4.26 UTC 05:53)

Stephen Báthory (1533-1586)

"...King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania as well as Prince of Transylvania... member of the Hungarian Báthory noble family... defeated a fellow claimant to the throne, Maximillian II, Holy Roman Emperor and quelling rebellions, most notably, the Gdańsk rebellion... victorious campaign in Livonia against Russia..." (Wikipedia: Stephen Báthory, 2.13.26 UTC 23:35)

Sigismund III Vasa (1566-1632)

"...King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania... King of Sweden... imposed Catholicism across the vast realm... in 1592 the Polish-Swedish union was created. Opposition in Protestant Sweden caused a war against Sigismund... successful invasion of Russia during the Time of Troubles... defeated the Ottoman forces in southeastern Europe..." (Wikipedia: Sigismund III Vasa, 12.29.25 UTC 17:47)

John III Sobieski (1629-1696)

"...King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania... period of the Commonwealth's stabilization, much needed after the turmoil of previous conflicts... victory over the Ottoman Empire at the Battle of Vienna in 1683." (Wikipedia: John III Sobieski, 1.24.26 UTC 16:32)

Augustus II the Strong (1670-1733)

"...Elector of Saxony... King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania... led the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Great Northern War..." (Wikipedia: Augustus II the Strong, 2.12.26 UTC 22:49)

License: CC BY-SA 4.0

List of Italian (non-Papal States, non-Roman civlization) political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia)

This post is a list of Italian (non-Papal States, non-Roman civilization) political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia). There are 8 political leaders listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

Robert Guiscard (c. 1015-1085)

"...Norman adventurer remembered for his conquest of southern Italy and Sicily... made Duke of Apulia and Calabria and Lord of Sicily... briefly Prince of Benevento..." (Wikipedia: Robert Guiscard, 2.12.26 UTC 06:50)

Roger II of Sicily (1095-1154)

"...became Duke of Apulia and Calbria in 1127, then King of Sicily in 1130 and King of Africa in 1148." (Wikipedia: Roger II of Sicily, 2.13.26 UTC 01:49)

Cosimo de' Medici (1389-1464)

"...Italian banker and politician... de facto first ruler of Florence during the Italian Renaissance, establishing the Medici family as its effective leaders for generations... power derived from his wealth as a banker... patron of arts, learning and architecture... including Donatello's David..." (Wikipedia: Cosimo de' Medici, 1.23.26 UTC 14:12)

Lorenzo de' Medici (1449-1492)

"...de facto ruler of the Florentine Republic... held the balance of power within the Italic League, an alliance of states that stabilized political conditions... sponsorship of artists such as Botticelli and Michelangelo... subject of the Pazzi conspiracy, in which his brother Giuliano was assassinated. The Peace of Lodi of 1454 that he supported among various Italian states collapsed with his death." (Wikipedia: Lorenzo de' Medici, 2.4.26 UTC 22:41)

Girolamo Savonarola (1452-1498)

"...Dominican friar from Ferrara... advocacy of the destruction of secular art and culture, and his calls for Christian renewal... instituted an extreme moralistic campaign... Florence refused to join Pope Alexander VI's Holy League against the French... Alexander excommunicated Savonarola... Savonarola and two of his supporting friars were imprisoned... civil authorities condemned, hanged, and burned the bodies of the three friars..." (Wikipedia: Girolamo Savonarola, 1.21.26 UTC 02:50)

Cesare Borgia (1475-1507)

"...cardinal deacon and later a condottiero, as well as a member of the Spanish House of Borgia... illegitimate son of Pope Alexander VI... employed as a condottiero for King Louis XII of France... occupied both Milan and Naples during the Italian Wars... carved out a state for himself in Central Italy, but he was unable to retain power..." (Wikipedia: Cesare Borgia, 2.8.26 UTC 01:05)

Camillo Benso (1810-1861)

"...leading figure in the movement towards Italian unification... Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia from 1852... After the declaration of a united Kingdom of Italy, Cavour took office as the first Prime Minister of Italy..." (Wikipedia: Camillo Benso, 2.8.26 UTC 18:44)

Benito Mussolini (1883-1945)

"...dictator who was prime minister of Italy, whose rule lasted from the March on Rome in 1922 until his overthrow in 1943... founded the National Fascist Party... removing opposition through his secret police... signed the Lateran Treaty to establish Vatican City... In 1936, Ethiopia was conquered... formed the Axis powers with Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan... placed in custody in July 1943... rescued by Germany... Adolf Hitler made Mussolini the figurehead of a puppet state... captured by communist partisans and executed..." (Wikipedia: Benito Mussolini, 2.16.26 UTC 03:54)

License: CC BY-SA 4.0

List of Papal States political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia)

This post is a list of Papal States political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia). There are 6 political leaders listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

Pope Gregory VII (c. 1015-1085)

"...initiated the Gregorian Reform... known for the part he played in the Investiture Controversy, his dispute with Emperor Henry IV to establish the primacy of papal authority and the new canon law governing the election of the pope by the College of Cardinals... introduced a policy of celibacy for the clergy... excommunicated Henry IV three times..." (Wikipedia: Pope Gregory VII, 2.13.26 UTC 02:29)

Pope Urban II (c. 1035-1099)

"...convening the Council of Clermont, which ignited the series of Catholic military expeditions known as the Crusades... dealt with Antipope Clement III, the infighting of various Christian nations, and the Turkish invasions into Anatolia... fight to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslims... resulted in the occupation of Jerusalem and expulsion of the Fatimids... set up the modern-day Roman Curia..." (Wikipedia: Pope Urban II, 11.17.25 UTC 19:02)

Pope Innocent III (1161-1216)

"...claiming supremacy over Europe's kings... reforms of ecclesiastical affairs through his decretals and the Fourth Lateran Council... refinement of Western canon law... directing crusades against Muslim Iberia... the Livonian Crusade against Baltic and Finnic pagans... and the Albigensian Crusade against Cathars in southern France... organized the Fourth Crusade... ended in the sack of Constantinople." (Wikipedia: Pope Innocent III, 2.2.26 UTC 08:25)

Pope Boniface VIII (c. 1230-1303)

"...some of the strongest claims of any pope to temporal as well as spiritual power. He involved himself often with foreign affairs... systematized canon law by collecting it in a new volume, the Liber Sextus (1298)... established the first Catholic jubilee year to take place in Rome... excommunicated King Philip IV... the king sent his troops to attack the pope's residence..." (Wikipedia: Pope Boniface VIII, 2.14.26 UTC 19:26)

Pope Alexander VI (c. 1431-1503)

"...papal bulls of 1493 confirmed or reconfirmed the rights of the Spanish crown in the New World... supported his son Cesare Borgia as a condottiero for the French king." (Wikipedia: Pope Alexander VI, 2.13.26 UTC 12:47)

Pope Julius II (1443-1513)

"...central figure of the High Renaissance... Papal States increased their power and centralization... established the Vatican Museums and initiated the rebuilding of the St. Peter's Basilica... organized the famous Swiss Guard for his personal protection... ratified the Treaty of Tordesillas, establishing the first bishoprics in the Americas... commissioned the Raphael Rooms and Michelangelo's paintings in the Sistine Chapel. (Wikipedia: Pope Julius II, 1.23.26 UTC 02:34)

License: CC BY-SA 4.0

List of Korean political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia)

This post is a list of Korean political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia). There are 8 political leaders listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

Taejo of Goryeo (877 - 943 AD)

"...founder of the Goryeo dynasty of Korea... achieving unification of the Later Three Kingdoms in 936." (Wikipedia: Taejo of Goryeo, 11.12.25 UTC 03:19)

Taejo of Joseon (1335-1408)

"...founder and first monarch of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. After overthrowing the Goreyo dynasty, he ascended the throne in 1392... No new institutions were created, and no massive purges occurred during his reign... re-established amicable ties with Japan and improved relations with Ming China." (Wikipedia: Taejo of Joseon, 1.9.26 UTC 21:24)

Sejong the Great (1397-1450)

"...regarded as the greatest king in Korean history... creation of Hangul, the native alphabet of the Korean language... developments in science, technology, medicine, agriculture and the arts... Ōei Invasion against the Japanese Tsushima Island... expanded the northern borders of Korea to roughly its current extent..." (Wikipedia: Sejong the Great, 1.23.26 UTC 12:52)

Seonjo of Joseon (1552-1608)

"...14th monarch of Joseon... promoting Korean Confucianism... political discord and his incompetent leadership during the Imjin War..." (Wikipedia: Seonjo of Joseon, 2.5.26 UTC 05:55)

Jeongjo of Joseon (1752- 1800)

"...22nd monarch of the Joseon dynasty... built the Hwaseong Fortress, reformed governance... established the Kyujanggak royal library, expanded social mobility, and encouraged Neo-Confucian scholarship... cultural and political renaissance..." (Wikipedia: Jeongjo of Joseon, 11.13.25 UTC 19:02)

Syngman Rhee (1875-1965)

"...first president of South Korea from 1948 to 1960... last president of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea... characterized by authoritarianism, limited economic development... Korean independence activist and was imprisoned... anti-communist and pro-American views... Korean War (1950-1953), in which North Korea invaded South Korea. He refused to sign the armistice agreement that ended the war, wishing to have the peninsula reunited by force... resigned on April 26, 1960, ushering in the Second Republic of Korea..." (Wikipedia: Syngman Rhee, 1.26.26 UTC 12:06)

Kim II Sung (1912-1994)

"...founded the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, also known as North Korea in 1948... chairman of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea from 1949 to 1966... authorized the invasion of South Korea in 1950... ceasefire was signed in July 1953... totalitarian, socialist, personalist dictatorship with a centrally planned economy... close political and economic relations with the Soviet Union and China... widespread famine in 1994..." (Wikipedia: Kim II Sung, 2.12.26 UTC 19:49)

Park Chung Hee (1917-1979)

"...third president of South Korean from 1962 after he seized power in the May 16 coup of 1961 until his assassination in 1979... intense economic growth and transformation... end to the Second Republic of Korea... anti-communist, continued to maintain close ties with the United States... formation of chaebols: family companies supported by the state... In 1972, Park declared martial law after carrying out a self-coup... ruling as a dictator..." (Wikipedia: Park Chung Hee, 2.16.26 UTC 21:50)

License: CC BY-SA 4.0

List of German (non-HRE) political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia)

This post is a list of German (non-HRE) political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia). There are 14 political leaders listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

Charles the Fat (839 - 888 AD)

"...emperor of the Carolingian Empire from 881 to 887... great-grandson of Charlemagne... Granted lordship over Alamannia in 876, following the division of East Francia, he succeeded to the Italian throne... reunited the kingdom of East Francia... inherited all of West Francia, thus reunited the entire Carolingian Empire." (Wikipedia: Charles the Fat, 1.27.26 UTC 00:42)

Henry the Lion (c. 1129-1195)

"...Duke of Saxony (ruled 1142-1180)... Duke of Bavaria (ruled 1156-1180)... member of the Welf dynasty... decisive part in 1152 in his cousin Frederick Barbarossa's campaign for the throne... difficulties when Henry refused to send military assistance in 1176 for Barbarossa's invasion of Italy... Hohenstaufen dynasty succeeded in isolating him... territory stretching form the coast of the North and Baltic seas to the Alps, and from Westphalia to Pomerania..." (Wikipedia: Henry the Lion, 1.27.26 UTC 21:19)

Frederick William I of Prussia (1688-1740)

"...King in Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg... Prince of Neuchâtel... doubling the Prussian Army... financial reorganization, imposing taxes and stringent regulations on public servants... prioritized military expansion over colonial investments..." (Wikipedia: Frederick William I of Prussia, 2.15.26 UTC 18:10)

Frederick the Great (1712-1786)

"...monarch of Prussia... annexing Royal Prussia from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772... success in the Silesian wars, reorganization of the Prussian Army, the First Partition of Poland... patronage of the arts and the Enlightenment... Prussia greatly increased its territories... influential military theorist..." (Wikipedia: Frederick the Great, 2.3.26 UTC 03:11)

Wilhelm I (1797-1888)

"...King of Prussia from 1861 and German Emperor from 1871... member of the House of Hohenzollern... fought with distinction during the War of the Sixth Coalition... crushing the Revolutions of 1848 in Germany... appointed Otto von Bismarck to the post of Minister President... victories in the Second Schleswig War and the Austro-Prussian War... unification of Germany was achieved following the Franco-Prussian War..." (Wikipedia: Wilhelm I, 2.14.26 UTC 22:20)

Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)

"...diplomat who oversaw the unification of Germany and served as its first chancellor from 1871 to 1890... minister president and foreign minister of Prussia... replaced the German Confederation with the North German Confederation... while excluding Austria... created the first welfare state, with the goal of undermining his socialist opponents... fought the Catholic Church, in what was called the Kulturkampf... (Wikipedia: Otto von Bismarck, 2.16.26 UTC 02:13)

Wilhelm II (1859-1941)

"...last German Emperor and King of Prussia... end of the German Empire... dismissed the longtime Chancellor Otto von Bismarck... became Europe's largest manufacturer... massive naval build-up... promoting scientific innovation... guarantee of military support to Austria-Hungary... plunged all of Europe into World War I... delegation of power gave rise to a de facto military dictatorship... abdicated during the German Revolution of 1918-1919..." (Wikipedia: Wilhelm II, 2.16.26 UTC 07:24)

Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)

"...dictator of Germany during the Nazi era... chancellor of Germany in 1933... Führer und Reichskanzler in 1934... invasion of Poland on September 1st, 1939 marked the outbreak of the Second World War... perpetration of the Holocaust, the genocide of about six million Jews and millions of other victims... In 1923, he attempted to seize governmental power in a failed coup... political manifesto Mein Kampf... promoting pan-Germanism, antisemitism, and anti-communism with charismatic oratory and Nazi propaganda... aggressive, expansionist foreign policy..." (Wikipedia: Adolf Hitler, 2.16.26 UTC 06:34)

Joseph Goebbels (1897-1945)

"...chief propagandist for the Nazi Party, and then Reich Minister of Propaganda... one of Adolf Hitler's closest and most devoted followers... advocated for progressively harsher discrimination, including the extermination of Jews and other groups in the Holocaust... In accordance with Hitler's will, Goebbels succeeded him as Chancellor of Germany; he served one day in this post." (Wikipedia: Joseph Goebbels, 1.31.26 UTC 20:58)

Konrad Adenauer (1876-1967)

"...first chancellor of West Germany from 1949 to 1963... leader of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU)... one of the founding fathers of the European Union... serving as Mayor of Cologne 1917 to 1933... president of the Prussian State Council... worked to restore the West German economy... market-based liberal democracy... anti-communist... joined NATO." (Wikipedia: Konrad Adenauer, 2.16.26 UTC 03:17)

Erich Honecker (1912-1994)

"...German communist politician who led... East Germany from 1971 until shortly before the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989... viewed as a dictator... close ties to the Soviet Union... imprisoned by the Nazis... prime organizer of the building of the Berlin Wall... moved towards the international community... becoming a full member of the UN... extradited back to Germany in 1992... stand trial for his role in the human rights abuses..." (Wikipedia: Erich Honecker, 1.26.26 UTC 17:43)

Willy Brandt (1913-1992)

"...leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD)... chancellor of West Germany from 1969 to 1974... governing mayor of West Berlin... focused on strengthening European integration..." (Wikipedia: Willy Brandt, 2.13.26 UTC 02:05)

Helmut Kohl (1930-2017)

"...chancellor of Germany... from 1982 to 1998... leader of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU)... oversaw the end of the Cold War, the German reunification and the creation of the European Union... Maastricht Treaty which established the EU and the Euro currency... moved the federal capital from the 'provisional capital' Bonn back to Berlin..." (Wikipedia: Helmut Kohl, 2.6.26 UTC 13:00)

Angela Merkel (1954 - now)

"...chancellor of Germany from 2005 to 2021... leader of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU)... entered politics in the wake of the Revolutions of 1989... emphasized international cooperation, both in the context of the EU and NATO, and initiating the Russian reset... managed the 2008 financial crisis and the Euro area crisis." (Wikipedia: Angela Merkel, 1.24.26 UTC 09:07)

License: CC BY-SA 4.0

List of Japanese political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia)

This post is a list of Japanese political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia). There are 9 political leaders listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

Oda Nobunaga (1534-1582)

"...Japanese samurai and daimyō... one of the leading figures of the Sengoku and Azuchi-Momoyama periods... regarded as the first 'Great Unifier' of Japan... consolidating power, as head of the very powerful Oda clan, through a series of wars... overthrowing the nominally ruling shogun Ashikaga Yoshiaki and dissolving the Ashikaga Shogunate... conquered most of Honshu... defeated the Ikkō-ikki..." (Wikipedia: Oda Nobunaga, 2.8.26 UTC 15:34)

Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1537-1598)

"...Japanese samurai and daimyō... regarded as the second 'Great Unifier' of Japan... earning the rank and title of Kampaku and Daijō-daijin, the highest official position and title in the nobility class... defeated Akechi Mitsuhide at the Battle of Yamazaki... conquered Shikoku in 1585 and Kyūshū in 1587... winning the Siege of Odawara... crushing the Kunohe rebellion... launched the Japanese invasions of Korea..." (Wikipedia: Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 2.10.26 UTC 17:52)

Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1616)

"...Japanese samurai, daimyō, and the first shōgun of the Tokugawa Shogunate... third of the three 'Great Unifiers' of Japan... serving as ally, vassal and general of the Oda clan... became the most senior officer under the Toyotomi regime... seized power in 1600... implemented a set of careful rules known as the bakuhan system..." (Wikipedia: Tokugawa Ieyasu, 2.10.26 UTC 22:48)

Emperor Meiji (1852-1912)

"...122nd emperor of Japan... associated with the Meiji Restoration of 1868, which ended the Tokugawa shogunate... transformed Japan from an isolationist, feudal state to an industrialized world power... after the death of his father Emperor Kōmei in 1867, it triggered the Boshin War, in which samurai defeated the shogunate... establishment of the Cabinet in 1885, Privy Council in 1888, Imperial Diet in 1890... victories over China in the First Sino-Japanese War and over Russia in the Russo-Japanese War..." (Wikipedia: Emperor Meiji, 2.9.26 UTC 19:53)

Itō Hirobumi (1841-1909)

"...first prime minister of Japan... member of the genrō, a group of senior statesmen who effectively dictated policy for the Empire of Japan during the Meiji era... central role in the drafting of the 1889 Meiji Constitution as well as the establishment of the National Diet... founded the Rikken Seiyūkai political party... Japan-Korea Treaty of 1905 made Itō the first Resident-General of Korea." (Wikipedia: Itō Hirobumi, 1.26.26 UTC 16:46)

Hideki Tojo (1884-1948)

"...Japanese military officer... Prime Minister of Japan from 1941 to 1944 during World War II... presiding over numerous war crimes, including the mass killing and enslavement of millions of civilians and prisoners of war... alliance with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy... attack on Pearl Harbor... tried by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East... executed by hanging..." (Wikipedia: Hideki Tojo, 2.10.26 UTC 15:40)

Hirohito (1901-1989)

"...124th emperor of Japan... reigning from 1926 until his death in 1989... presided over the rise of Japanese militarism, the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Asia-Pacific theater of World War II, and the nation's postwar economic miracle... never prosecuted for war crimes... Under Japan's new constitution, drafted by U.S. officials and enacted in 1947, his role as emperor was redefined..." (Wikipedia: Hirohito, 2.16.26 UTC 03:50)

Eisaku Satō (1901-1975)

"...prime minister of Japan from 1964 to 1972... securing the return of Okinawa in 1972... entered the National Diet in 1949... presided over a period of rapid economic growth... oversaw normalization of diplomatic relations with South Korea and maintained close relations with the United States... introduced the 'Three Non-Nuclear Principles'... signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty..." (Wikipedia: Eisaku Satō, 1.3.26 UTC 13:29)

Shinzo Abe (1954-2022)

"...Prime Minister of Japan and President of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) from 2006 to 2007 and again from 2012 to 2020... conservative and member of the ultranationalist organization Nippon Kaigi... right-wing stances including downplaying Japanese atrocities in textbooks... attempted to counter Japan's economic stagnation with 'Abenomics'... reinstating the Trans-Pacific Partnership..." (Wikipedia: Shinzo Abe, 2.12.26 UTC 21:53)

License: CC BY-SA 4.0