Alex Peek blog

Tuesday, February 10, 2026

List of Byzantine political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia)

This post is a list of Byzantine political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia). There are 6 political leaders listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

Justinian I (482 - 565 AD)

"...ambitious but only partly realized renovatio imperii, or 'restoration of the Empire'. This ambition was expressed by the partial recovery of the territories of the defunct Western Roman Empire... uniform rewriting of the Roman law, the Corpus Juris Civilis..." (Wikipedia: Justinian I, 2.9.26 UTC 22:39)

Theodora (c. 490 - 548 AD)

"...empress and wife of emperor Justinian I... one of his chief political advisers..." (Wikipedia: Theodora, 1.30.26 UTC 13:37)

Heraclius (c. 575 - 641 AD)

"...reign was marked by several military campaigns... took charge of the Byzantine-Sasanian War of 602-628... lost many of his newly regained lands to the Rashidun Caliphate..." (Wikipedia: Heraclius, 1.25.26 UTC 05:23)

Leo III the Isaurian (c. 685 - 741 AD)

"...put an end to the Twenty Years' Anarchy, a period of great instability in the Byzantine Empire between 695 and 717... successfully defended the Empire against the invading Umayyads and forbade the veneration of icons." (Wikipedia: Leo III the Isaurian, 1.13.26 UTC 04:21)

Basil II (958 - 1025 AD)

"...early years of Basil's reign were dominated by civil wars... then oversaw the stabilization and expansion of the eastern frontier... and the complete subjugation of the First Bulgarian Empire..." (Wikipedia: Basil II, 1.21.26 UTC 02:15)

Manuel I Komnenos (1118 - 1180 AD)

"...saw the last flowering of the Komnenian restoration, during which the Byzantine Empire experienced a resurgence of military and economic power... last Eastern Roman emperor to attempt reconquests in the western Mediterranean." (Wikipedia: Manuel I Komnenos, 2.1.26 UTC 14:11)

Monday, February 9, 2026

List of ancient Greek political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia)

This post is a list of ancient Greece political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia). There are 10 political leaders listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

Lycurgus

"...legendary lawgiver of Sparta... involving political, economic, and social reforms to produce a military-oriented Spartan society..." (Wikipedia: Lycurgus, 1.19.26 UTC 18:34)

Draco (7th century BC)

"...replaced the system of oral law and blood feud by the Draconian constitution, a written code to be enforced only by a court of law. His laws were supposed to have been very harsh..." (Wikipedia: Draco, 2.5.26 UTC 12:57)

Solon (c. 630 - 560 BC)

"...credited with laying the foundations for Athenian democracy... overturning most of Draco's laws." (Wikipedia: Solon, 2.9.26 UTC 00:44)

Themistocles (c. 524 - 459 BC)

"...role in the defeat of Xerxes' invasion of Greece. Against overwhelming odds, Greece survived... doctrine of Athenian naval power and the establishment of Athens as a major power in the Greek world..." (Wikipedia: Themistocles, 12.15.25 UTC 22:25)

Pericles (c. 495 - 429 BC)

"...promoted the arts and literature, and it was principally through his efforts that Athens acquired the reputation of being the educational and cultural center of the ancient Greek world..." (Wikipedia: Pericles, 1.31.26 UTC 19:17

Alcibiades (c. 450 - 404 BC)

"...played a major role in the second half of the Peloponnesian War... changed political allegiance several times." (Wikipedia: Alcibiades, 1.24.26 UTC 05:02)

Demosthenes (384 - 322 BC)

"...statesman and orator in ancient Athens. His orations constitute a significant expression of contemporary Athenian intellectual prowess... played a leading part in his city's uprising against the new king of Macedonia, Alexander the Great." (Wikipedia: Demosthenes, 1.26.26 UTC 05:21)

Philip II of Macedon (c. 359 - 336 BC)

"...achieved domination over Greece... by the reformation of the Macedonian army... led the effort to establish a federation of Greek states known as the Hellenic League..." (Wikipedia: Philip II of Macedon, 2.1.26 UTC 13:49)

Alexander the Great (356 - 323 BC)

"...spent most of his reign conducting a lengthy military campaign throughout Asia and Egypt. By the age of 30, he had created one of the largest empires in history..." (Wikipedia, Alexander the Great, 1.30.26 UTC 15:22)

Pyrrhus of Epirus (c. 319 - 272 BC)

"...king of the Molossians, of the royal Aeacid house, and later became king of Epirus. He was one of the strongest opponents of early Rome... saw action during the Wars of the Diadochi..." (Wikipedia: Pyrrhus of Epirus, 1.18.26 UTC 23:33)

List of Roman political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia)

This post is a list of Roman political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia). There are 14 political leaders listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

Cato the Elder (234 - 149 BC)

"...first to write history in Latin... As censor, he tried to save Rome's ancestral customs and combat Hellenistic influences." (Wikipedia: Cato the Elder, 2.1.26 UTC 14:30)

Gracchi brothers (2nd century BC)

"...advocates for social reform who were both killed by a reactionary political system... established a commission to survey Roman public land, reassert state claims to it, and redistribute it to poor rural farmers." (Wikipedia: Gracchi brothers, 1.24.26 UTC 15:43)

Julius Caesar (100 - 44 BC)

"...dictator of the Roman Republic at various points from 49 BC until his assassination in 44 BC... led the Roman armies through the Gallic Wars and defeated his political rival Pompey in Caesar's civil war." (Wikipedia: Julius Caesar, 2.8.26 UTC 19:07)

Augustus (63 BC - 14 AD)

"...founder of the Roman Empire and the first Roman emperor... annexing Egypt, Dalmatia, Pannonia, Noricum, and Raetia... Africa and completing the conquest of Hispania." (Wikipedia: Augustus, 2.10.26 UTC 00:16)

Tiberius (42 BC - 37 AD)

"...laid the foundations for the empire's northern frontier... had a difficult resentful relationship with the Senate and suspected many plots against him." (Wikipedia: Tiberius, 2.8.26 UTC 15:06)

Caligula (12 - 41 AD)

"...said to have been... self-indulgent, cruel, sadistic, extravagant, and sexually perverted thereafter, an insane, murderous tyrant... " (Wikipedia: Caligula, 2.9.26 UTC 04:11)

Nero (13 - 68 AD)

"...sources offer overwhelmingly negative assessments of his personality and reign. Most contemporary sources describe him as tyrannical, self-indulgent, and debauched." (Wikipedia: Nero, 1.26.26 UTC 18:51)

Domitian (51 - 96 AD)

"...strengthened the economy by revaluing the Roman coinage, expanded the border defenses of the empire, and initiated a massive building program to restore the damaged city of Rome. Significant wars were fought in Britain..." (Wikipedia: Domitian, 1.30.26 UTC 14:34)

Trajan (c. 53 - 117 AD)

"...presided over one of the greatest military expansions in Roman history, during which... the Roman Empire reached its maximum territorial extent... oversaw the construction of building projects such as the forum named after him, the expansion of social welfare policies..." (Wikipedia: Trajan, 2.2.26 UTC 13:52)

Hadrian (76 - 138 AD)

"...known for building Hadrian's Wall, which marked the northern limit of Britannia. In Rome itself, he rebuilt the Pantheon and constructed the Temple of Venus and Roma." (Wikipedia: Hadrian, 1.31.26 UTC 02:25)

Marcus Aurelius (121 - 180 AD)

"...fought the Parthian War of Lucius Verus with a revitalized Parthian Empire and the rebel Kingdom of Armenia. Marcus defeated the Marcomanni, Quadi, and Sarmatian lazyges in the Marcomannic Wars." (Wikipedia: Marcus Aurelius, 2.3.26 UTC 08:41)

Diocletian (c. 242 - 312 AD)

"...stabilized the empire and ended the Crisis of the Third Century. He initiated the process of the Roman Empire split... Diocletian reigned in the Eastern Empire."

Constantine the Great (272 - 337 AD)

"...proclamation of the Edict of Milan in 313, which legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire. He convoked the First Council of Nicaea... He built a new imperial residence in the city of Byzantium, which was officially renamed New Rome, while also taking on the name Constantinople in his honor." (Wikipedia: Constantine the Great, 2.9.26 UTC 11:55)

Theodosius I (347 - 395 AD)

"...won two civil wars and was instrumental in establishing the Nicene Creed... Theodosius was the last emperor to rule the entire Roman Empire before its administration was permanently split between the Western Roman Empire and East Roman Empire." (Wikipedia: Theodosius I, 2.2.26 UTC 02:52)

Sunday, February 8, 2026

List of ancient Egyptian leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia)

This post is a list of ancient Egyptian leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia). There are 11 leaders listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

Narmer (c. 3100 BC)

"Many scholars consider him the unifier of Egypt and founder of the First Dynasty, and in turn the first king of a unified Egypt." (Wikipedia: Narmer, 2.2.26 UTC 01:32)

Thutmose I (r. 1506 - 1493 BC)

"During his reign, he campaigned deep into the Levant and Nubia, pushing the borders of Egypt farther than ever before in each region... built a tomb for himself in the Valley of the Kings..." (Wikipedia Thutmose I, 2.8.26 UTC 15:28)

Hatshepsut (c. 1479 - 1458 BC)

"One of the most prolific builders in Ancient Egypt, she oversaw large-scale construction projects... most famously, the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut..." (Wikipedia: Hatshepsut, 1.27.26 UTC 18:31)

Thutmose III (1479 - 1425 BC)

"...conducted between 17 and 20 military campaigns, all victorious, which brought ancient Egypt's empire to its zenith." (Wikipedia: Thutmose III, 1.31. 26 UTC 23:55)

Akhenaten (r. 1353 - 1336 BC)

"...noted for abandoning the traditional, polytheistic ancient Egyptian religion, and introducing Atenism, or worship centered around Aten." (Wikipedia: Akhenaten, 2.8.26 UTC 02:51)

Nefertiti (c. 1370 - 1330 BC)

"...great royal wife of Pharoah Akhenaten... If Nefertiti did rule as pharaoh, her reign was marked by the fall of Amarna..." (Wikipedia: Nefertiti, 1.30.26 UTC 23:54)

Tutankhamun (c. 1341 - 1323 BC)

"...instituted the restoration of the traditional polytheistic form of ancient Egyptian religion... The cult of the god Amun at Thebes was restored to prominence..." (Wikipedia: Tutankhamun, 2.8.26 UTC 08:22)

Ramesses II (c. 1303 - 1213 BC)

"...regarded as the greatest, most celebrated, and most powerful pharaoh of the New Kingdom... one of ancient Egypt's most successful warrior pharaohs..." (Wikipedia: Ramesses II, 2.5.26 UTC 06:05)

Ramesses III (r. 1185 - 1154 BC)

"His long reign saw the decline of Egyptian political and economic power, linked to a series of invasions and internal economic problems... However, his successful defense was able to slow down the decline..." (Wikipedia: Ramesses III, 1.31.26 UTC 05:31)

Ptolemy I Sotor (c. 369 - 282 BC)

"...successor of Alexander the Great who went on to found the Ptolemaic Kingdom centered in Egypt." (Wikipedia: Ptolemy I Sotor, 1.22.26 UTC 03:24)

Cleopatra (70 - 30 BC)

"...Queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt from 51 to 30 BC, and the last active Hellenistic pharaoh... After her death, Egypt became a province of the Roman Empire." (Wikipedia: Cleopatra, 1.31.26 UTC 03:52)

Saturday, February 7, 2026

Thursday, February 5, 2026

List of Wikipedia quote posts

List of post is a list of Wikipedia quote posts for this blog. This post was last updated February 2026. There are 122 posts listed below chronologically.

2017

History of economic thought: economists

2019

Principles of quantum mechanics

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

Saturday, January 31, 2026

Blog summary: 2025

This post is a summary of this blog in 2025 (165 posts total). It contains only central posts and relevant information.

February

6 current politician posts

March

Collection of IBG posts from other blogs
10 history posts

April - August

November

(Principles of Epistemology is published)