Collection of facts about the Etruscan civilization

This post is a collection of facts about the Etruscan civilization (900 - 27 BC). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Based in Italy (Tuscany, western Umbria, northern Lazio, Po Valley, Emilia-Romagna, south-eastern Lombardy, southern Veneto, western Campania)
• Preceded by the Proto-Villanovan culture and Urnfield culture
• Etruscan language derived from the Euboean alphabet
• Etruscan League: Alliance between 12 settlements between 600 - 500 BC (according to legend)
• Battle of Alalia (540 BC) against Phocaea
• Battle of Cumae (474 BC) against Syracuse
• Roman-Etruscan Wars (began 4th century BC)
• Annexed by Roman Empire in 27 BC

Collection of facts about the Safavid Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Safavid Empire (1501-1736). There are 13 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Based in Iran
• Expanded to Azerbaijan, Armenia and parts of Georgia, Iraq, Turkey, Syria, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
• Ismail I ruled 1501-1524
• Ismail I made Twelver Shi'ism the official religion
• Battle of Chaldiran (1514) against Ottoman Empire
• Ottoman-Safavid war of 1532-1555
• Abbas the Great ruled 1588-1629
• Ottoman-Safavid war of 1603-1622
• Afghan Hotak dynasty invasion in 1722
• Russo-Persian War (1722-1723)
• Nader Shah led reconquest 1726-1729
• Ended when Nader Shah became shah in 1736
• Succeeded by the Afsharid dynasty

Collection of facts about the Songhai Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Songhai Empire (c. 1430-1591). There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Gained independence from Mali Empire (c. 1430)
• Capital: Gao (Western Africa)
• Ruled by Sonni dynasty (c. 1464-1493) and Askia dynasty (1493-1591)
• Sonni Ali ruled 1464-1492
• Annexed Timbuktu in 1468
• Askia the Great ruled 1493-1528
• War of succession began after the death of Askia Daoud (1583)
• Invaded by the Saadi dyanasty
• Ended at the Battle of Tondibi in 1591

Collection of facts about the Dutch Republic

This post is a collection of facts about the Dutch Republic (1588-1795). There are 15 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Preceded by Spanish Netherlands
• Gained independence from Spain in 1581
• Confederated into seven provinces in 1588: Groningen, Frisia, Overijssel, Guelders, Utrecht, Holland, Zeeland
• Fought in the Eighty Years' War (after 1588 until 1648)
• Dutch-Portuguese War (1598-1663)
• Dutch East India Company (VOC) established in 1602
• Dutch West India company (WIC) established in 1621
• Art and science flourished during the Dutch Golden Age (17th century)
• Gained about 20% more territory in the Peace of Westphalia (1648)
• Anglo Dutch wars (1652-1784)
• Nine Years' War (1688-1697)
• War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713)
• War of the Austrian Succession (1744-1748)
• War of the First Coalition (1792-1795)
• Ended with the Batavian Revolution in 1795

Collection of facts about the Dutch colonial empire

This post is collection of facts about the Dutch colonial empire (1595-1975). There are 18 facts listed below.

• During the Dutch Republic (1588-1795), Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815-1975)
• Gained independence from Spain in 1581
• Dutch East India Company (1602-1799) also known as VOC
• Dutch West India company (1621-1792) also known as WIC
• Colonies in North America, Caribbean, Brazil, Suriname, Africa, India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Japan, Taiwan
• Initially operated commercially
• Involved in the slave trade
• Dutch Gold Coast (Ghana) established in 1612
• New Netherlands (eastern North America) established in 1614
• Dutch Formosa (Taiwan) established in 1624
• Dutch Brazil established in 1630
• Dutch Cape Colony (South Africa) established in 1652
• Anglo-Dutch wars (1652-1784) lead to loss of colonies to Britain and France
• Japan invaded the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) in 1942
• Indonesian National Revolution (1945-1949)
• Indonesia gained independence in 1949
• Ended when Dutch Guiana (Suriname) gained independence in 1975
• Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten are autonomous constituent countries within the Kingdom of Netherlands

Sources

Wikipedia: Dutch colonial empire, Indonesian National Revolution

Collection of facts about the Vedic period

This post is a collection of facts about the Vedic period (1500 - 1100 BC). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Based in the northern India and Punjab region
• Proceeded by the Indus Valley Civilization
• Vedas composed and orally transmitted (c. 1500 - 900 BC)
• Old Indo-Aryan language
• Lead to Hinduism and the Hindu synthesis
• Influenced the Kuru kingdom (union of Indo-Aryan tribes)
• Class system and Brahminism established
• Challenged by śramaṇa movements (for example Jainism and Buddhism)

Collection of facts about the Mali War

This post is a collection of facts about the Mali War (2012 - now). There are 18 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Began with the Tuareg rebellion in northern Mali (Jan 2012)
• National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) rebels fighting for independence of Azawad
• MNLA initially allied with Ansar Dine, al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) and Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa (MOJWA)
• MNLA coup d'état (Mar - Apr 2012)
• MNLA declared independence from Mali and was rejected by the African Union
• French military began operations in Mali (Jan 2013)
• Peace deal signed in June 2013 but suspended in Sept 2013
• Islamic State - Sahel Province (ISSP) formed in 2015
• Algiers Accords peace deal in June 2015
• Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM) coalition formed in 2017
• Conflict between JNIM and ISSP began in 2019
• Assimi Goïta lead coup d'état in 2020
• Assimi Goïta lead another coup d'état in 2021
• MINUSMA (United Nations peacekeeping) withdrew in 2023
• Strategic Framework for the Defense of the People of Azawad (CSP) dissolved and merged with the Azawad Liberation Front in Nov 2024
• 230,000 people internally displaced
• 144,000 people have fled the country
• Total deaths: 13,105