List of British Isles political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia)

This post is a list of British Isles political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia). There are 35 political leaders listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

Alfred the Great (c. 847 - 899 AD)

"...King of the West Saxons... King of the Anglo-Saxons... fighting Viking invasions... victory in the Battle of Edington in 878... agreement with Vikings, dividing England between Anglo-Saxon territory and the Viking-ruled Danelaw..." (Wikipedia: Alfred the Great, 2.17.26 UTC 11:42)

Æthelstan (c. 894 - 939 AD)

"...King of the Anglo-Saxons... King of the English... accepted by Mercians as king... conquered last remaining Viking kingdom, York... invaded Scotland and forced Constantine II to submit to him..." (Wikipedia: Æthelstan, 2.20.26 UTC 02:00)

William the Conqueror (c. 1028-1087)

"...first Norman king of England... By 1060, following a long struggle, his hold on Normandy was secure. In 1066, following the death of Edward the Confessor, William invaded England, leading to a Franco-Norman army to victory... defeated and killed Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings..." (Wikipedia: William the Conqueror, 1.13.26 UTC 21:29)

Henry II of England (1133-1189)

"...King of England... controlled England, substantial parts of Wales and Ireland, and much of France... an area that was later called the Angevin Empire... laid the basis for the English Common Law... driving force in the creation of a genuinely English monarchy and, ultimately, a unified Britain." (Wikipedia: Henry II of England, 2.6.26 UTC 20:46)

Richard I of England (1157-1199)

"...King of England... Duke of Normandy, Aquitaine, and Gascony; Lord of Cyprus; Court of Poitiers, Anjou, Maine, and Nantes... overlord of Brittany... commander during the Third Crusade... actively defending the French portions of the Angevin Empire..." (Wikipedia: Richard I of England, 2.12.26 UTC 18:12)

John, King of England (c. 1166-1216)

"...King of England... lost the Duchy of Normandy and most of his other French lands to King Philip II of France, resulting in the collapse of the Angevin Empire... The baronial revolt at the end of John's reign led to the sealing of Magna Carta... dispute with Pope Innocent III... led to the Papal Interdict of 1208..." (Wikipedia: John, King of England, 2.11.26 UTC 19:33)

Edward I (1239-1307)

"...King of England... Lord of Ireland... Duke of Aquitaine... joined the Ninth Crusade to the Holy Land in 1270... reforming royal administration and common law... claimed feudal suzerainty over Scotland... First Scottish War of Independence... at war with France after King Philip IV confiscated the Duchy of Gascony... establishing Parliament..." (Wikipedia: Edward I, 2.13.26 UTC 21:38)

Robert the Bruce (1274-1329)

"...King of the Scots... led Scotland during the First War of Scottish Independence against England... regarded in Scotland as a national hero... Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, Robert defeated a much larger English army under Edward II of England..." (Wikipedia: Robert the Bruce, 2.9.26 UTC 15:32)

Edward III (1312-1377)

"...King of England... evolution of the English Parliament... ravages of the Black Death... successful coup d'état against Mortimer, the de facto rule of England... successful campaign in Scotland... declared himself rightful heir to the French throne, starting the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453)." (Wikipedia: Edward III, 2.10.26 UTC 21:51)

Henry V of England (1386-1442)

"...King of England... military successes in the Hundred Years' War against France... reviving the historic English claim to the French throne... victory at the Battle of Agincourt... Treaty of Troyes (1420) recognized Henry V as regent of France... ratified the unprecedented formation of a union between the kingdoms of England and France..." (Wikipedia: Henry V of England, 1.30.26 UTC 01:30)

Henry VIII (1491-1547)

"...King of England... After the pope refused to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon... established the monarch as Supreme Head of the Church of England, initiating the English Reformation... frequently used charges of treason and heresy to quell dissent... oversaw the annexation of Wales to England... first English monarch to rule as King of Ireland..." (Wikipedia: Henry VIII, 2.17.26 UTC 12:11)

Mary I of England (1516-1558)

"...Queen of England and Ireland... attempts to reverse the English Reformation... 280 religious dissenters were burned at the stake... only surviving child of Henry VIII by his first wife, Catherine of Aragon..." (Wikipedia: Mary I of England, 2.8.26 UTC 00:49)

Elizabeth I (1533-1603)

"...Queen of England and Ireland... only surviving child of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn... establishment of an English church, of which she became the supreme governor... would evolve into the Church of England... Elizabethan era is famous for the flourishing of English drama, led by playwrights such as William Shakespeare... 44 years on the throne provided welcomed stability for the kingdom..." (Wikipedia: Elizabeth I, 2.3.26 UTC 12:18)

Mary, Queen of Scots (1542-1587)

"...Queen of Scotland... only surviving legitimate child of James V of Scotland... tense religious and political climate following the Scottish Reformation that Mary encountered... great-granddaughter of Henry VII of England, Mary once claimed Elizabeth's throne... found guilty of plotting to assassinate Elizabeth in 1586 and was beheaded..." (Wikipedia: Mary, Queen of Scots, 2.13.26 UTC 01:14)

James VI and I (1566-1625)

"...King of Scotland as James VI... King of England and Ireland as James I... son of Mary, Queen of Scots... last Tudor monarch of England and Ireland... advocated for a single parliament for England and Scotland... English colonization of the Americas began... faced great difficulties in England, including the Gunpowder Plot... sponsored the translation of the Bible into English..." (Wikipedia: James VI and I, 2.4.26 UTC 16:19)

Charles I of England (1600-1649)

"...King of England, Scotland and Ireland... House of Stuart... second son of King James VI of Scotland... attempts to force the Church of Scotland to adopt high Anglican practices led to the Bishops' Wars... fought the armies of the English and Scottish parliaments in the English Civil War... refused to accept captors' demands for a constitutional monarchy... executed for high treason..." (Wikipedia: Charles I of England, 2.19.26 UTC 18:45)

Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658)

"...came to prominent during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, initially as a senior commander in the Parliamentarian army... leading advocate of the execution of Charles I in 1649, which led to the establishment of the Commonwealth of England... ruled as Lord Protector... elected Member of Parliament for Huntingdon in 1628... key role in winning the English Civil War... 1649 conquest of Ireland..." (Wikipedia: Oliver Cromwell, 2.20.26 UTC 00:21)

William III of England (1650-1702)

"...sovereign Prince of Orange... Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel in the Dutch Republic... King of England, Ireland and Scotland from 1689... waged many campaigns against Louis's armies... invaded England in the Glorious Revolution... reputation as a staunch Protestant... occupied abroad with the Nine Years' War... ordering the Massacre of Glencoe..." (Wikipedia: William III of England, 2.20.26 UTC 15:28)

Robert Walpole (1676-1745)

"...first Prime Minister of Great Britain... longest serving prime minister in UK history, with a tenure of over 20 years... elected to Parliament in 1701... middle way attracted moderates from both the Whig and Tory camps..." (Wikipedia: Robert Walpole, 2.20.26 UTC 22:26)

William Murray (1705-1793)

"...British judge, politician, lawyer... reforms to English law... election to the House of Commons as a Member of Parliament... Chief Justice... moved the country onto the path to abolishing slavery. He advanced commercial law in ways that helped establish Britain as a world leader in industry, finance and trade..." (Wikipedia: William Murray, 2.8.26 UTC 20:46)

William Blackstone (1723-1780)

"...English jurist, justice and Tory politician most noted for his Commentaries on the Laws of England... which became the best-known description of the doctrines of English common law... republished in 1770, 1773, 1774, 1775, 1778 and, and in a posthumous edition in 1783." (Wikipedia: William Blackstone, 1.24.26 UTC 22:25)

George III (1738-1820)

"...King of the Great Britain... Acts of Union 1800 unified Great Britain... duke and prince-elector of Hanover in the Holy Roman Empire... defeated France in the Seven Years' War, becoming the dominant European power in North America and India... lost 13 of its North American colonies in the American War of Independence... wars against revolutionary and Napoleonic France from 1793... In 1807, the transatlantic slave was banned from the British Empire..." (Wikipedia: George III, 2.19.26 UTC 22:57)

William Pitt the Younger (1759-1806)

"...last prime minister of Great Britain from 1783 until the Acts of Union 1800... first official prime minister of the United Kingdom... also Chancellor of the Exchequer... father, William Pitt the Elder, who had also previously served as prime minister..." (Wikipedia: William Pitt the Younger, 2.24.26 UTC 02:40)

Robert Peel (1788-1850)

"...Conservative statesman who twice was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1834-1835, 1841-1846)... father of modern British policing... founding of the Metropolitan Police while he was Home Secretary... House of Commons in 1809... issued the Tamworth Manifesto in 1834... cut tariffs to stimulate trade, replacing the lost revenue with a 3 per cent income tax... central role in making free trade a reality... repeal the Corn Laws..." (Wikipedia: Robert Peel, 2.23.26 UTC 10:53)

Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881)

"...Conservative politician... twice served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom... political battles with the Liberal Party... identified with the British Empire and military action to expand it... entered the House of Commons in 1837... clashed with Robert Peel... purchased a major interest in the Suez Canal Company in Egypt... refused to reinstate the Corn Laws..." (Wikipedia: Benjamin Disraeli, 2.18.26 UTC 02:09)

William Ewart Gladstone (1809-1898)

"...Liberal politician, starting as a Conservative MP... Prime Minister of the United Kingdom for 12 years... Chancellor of the Enqueuer four times... in 1846 joined the breakaway Peelite faction, which eventually merged in the new Liberal Party... emphasized equality of opportunity and opposition to trade protectionism... proposed home rule for Ireland but was defeated in the House of Commons..." (Wikipedia: William Ewart Gladstone, 2.4.26 UTC 01:39)

Queen Victoria (1819-1901)

"...Queen of the Untied Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland... Victorian era, a period of industrial, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom marked by a great expansion of the British Empire... title of Empress of India... attempted privately to influence government policy and ministerial appointments... last British monarch of the House of Hanover..." (Wikipedia: Queen Victoria, 2.22.26 UTC 21:07)

David Lloyd George (1863-1945)

"...Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1916 to 1922... Liberal Party... leading the United Kingdom during the First World War... negotiated the establishment of the Irish Free State... To fund extensive welfare reforms, he proposed taxes on land ownership and high incomes...  National Insurance Act 1911... To combat food shortages caused by u-boats, he implemented the convoy system, establishing rationing, and stimulated farming..." (Wikipedia: David Lloyd George, 2.18.26 UTC 23:$6)

Winston Churchill (1874-1965)

"...Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945, during the Second World War, and again from 1951 to 1955... For 62 years between 1900 and 1964, he was a Member of Parliament... adherent to economic liberalism and imperialism... Conservative Party... joined the British Army in 1895... lead in calling for rearmament to counter the threat of militarism in Nazi Germany... Nobel Prize in Literature in 1953..." (Wikipedia: Winston Churchill, (2.25.26 UTC 22:22)

Éamon de Valera (1882-1975)

"...president of Ireland from 1959 to 1973, and three terms as prime minister... leading role in introducing the Constitution of Ireland in 1937... ...set up Fianna Fáil, a new political party... political beliefs evolved from militant Irish republicanism to strong social, cultural and fiscal conservatism..." (Wikipedia: Éamon de Valera, 2.9.26 UTC 11:10)

Clement Attlee (1883-1967)

"...Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1945 to 1951... Leader of the Labor Party... at first advocating pacificism and opposing re-armament, he became a critic of Neville Chamberlain's policy of appeasement in the lead-up to the Second World War... aimed to maintain full employment... enlarged system of social services... National Health Service... decolonization efforts including the partition of India..." (Wikipedia: Clement Attlee, 2.18.26 UTC 22:56)

Michael Collins (1890-1922)

"...Irish revolutionary... Directory of Intelligence of the Irish Republican Army... Chairman of the Provisional Government of the Irish Free State... commander-in-chief of the National Army... Sinn Féin's elected members... formed an Irish parliament, the First Dáil, in 1919 and declared the independence of the Irish Republic... Anglo-Irish Treaty, signed December 1921... killed in an ambush by anti-Treaty forces..." (Wikipedia: Michael Collins, 2.4.26 UTC 12:01)

Margaret Thatcher (1925-2013)

"...Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990... Conservative Party... economic policies intended to reverse high inflation and Britain's struggles... emphasized greater individual liberty, the privatization of state-owned companies, and reducing the power and influence of trade unions... Victory in the 1982 Falklands War... 1984-1985 miners' strike... deregulation of the UK financial markets..." (Wikipedia: Margaret Thatcher, 2.23.26 UTC 13:35)

Elizabeth II (1926-2022)

"...Queen of the United Kingdom... from 1952 until her death in 2022. Her reign of 70 years and 214 days is the longest of any British monarch, the second-longest of any sovereign state... first child of the Duke and Duchess of York (later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother.)... When her father died in February 1952, Elizabeth, then 25 years old, became queen... reigned as a constitutional monarch..." (Wikipedia: Elizabeth II, 2.23.26 UTC 23:34)

License: CC BY-SA 4.0

List of Russian political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia)

This post is a list of Russian political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia). There are 23 political leaders listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

Sviatoslav I (c. 943 - 972 AD)

"...Prince of Kiev... persistent campaigns in the east and south, which precipitated in the collapse of two great powers in Eastern Europe, Khazaria and the First Bulgarian Empire... defeated the Alans and attacked the Volga Bulgars... expansion into the Volga River valley, the Pontic steppe, and the Balkans..." (Wikipedia: Sviatoslav I, 2.16.26 UTC 08:14)

Vladimir the Great (c. 958 - 1015 AD)

"...Prince of Novgorod from 970 and Grand Prince of Kiev from 978... father was Sviatoslav I of the Rurik dynasty... consolidated his realm to the Baltic Sea and solidified the frontiers against incursions of Bulgarians, Baltic tribes and Eastern nomads..." (Wikipedia: Vladimir the Great, 2.8.26 UTC 19:22)

Yaroslav the Wise (c. 978 - 1054 AD)

"...Grand Prince of Kiev... Prince of Novgorod... Prince of Rostov... son of Vladimir the Great... war for the Kievan throne against his half-brother Sviatopolk... alliances with Scandinavian countries and weakening Byzantine influence on Kiev." (Wikipedia: Yaroslav the Wise, 2.17.26 UTC 00:28)

Daniel of Galicia (1201-1264)

"...Prince of Galicia... Volhynia... Grand Prince of Kiev and King of Ruthenia... Romanovichi branch of the Rurikids... restored control over Galicia... managed to withstand the Mongol invasions..." (Wikipedia: Daniel of Galicia, 2.18.26 UTC 13:56)

Alexander Nevsky (1221-1263)

"...Prince of Novgorod... Grand Prince of Vladimir... victories over Swedish invaders in the Battle of the Neva... and German crusaders in the Battle on the Ice... agreed to pay tribute to the Golden Horde, which allowed him to preserve the Eastern Orthodox Church..." (Wikipedia: Alexander Nevsky, 1.29.26 UTC 13:41)

Ivan III of Russia (1440-1505)

"...Grance Prince of Moscow and all Russia... renovated the Moscow Kremlin... credited with ending the dominance of the Tatars over Russia... victory over the Great Horde in 1480 formally restored its independence... began using the title tsar..." (Wikipedia: Ivan III of Russia, 1.22.26 UTC 06:10)

Ivan the Terrible (1530-1584)

"...Grand Prince of Mosco and all Russia... first Tsar and Grand Prince of all Russia... grandson of Ivan III... establishing the first Russian standing army, the streltsy... bringing the entire length of the Volga river under Russian control... Livonian War of 1558 to 1583... autocratic control over the Russian nobility, which he violently purged... massacre of Novgorod by the oprichniki and the burning of Mosco by the Tartars... murdered his eldest son and heir, Ivan Ivanovich..." (Wikipedia: Ivan the Terrible, 2.8.26 UTC 17:47)

Alexis of Russia (1629-1676)

"...Tsar of all Russia... House of Romanov... sided closely with Patriarch Nikon during the schism in the Russian Orthodox Church... several wars with Iran, Poland and Sweden, as well as internal instabilities such as the Salt Riot in Moscow and the Cossack revolt of Stenka Razin..." (Wikipedia: Alexis of Russia, 11.30.25 UTC 16:37)

Peter the Great (1672-1725)

"...Tsar of all Russia... and first Emperor of Russia... lengthy wars against the Ottoman and Swedish empires... Azov campaigns were followed by the foundation of the Russian Navy... victory in the Great Northern War... annexed a significant portion of the eastern Baltic coastline... introduced the Julian calendar... promoted industrialization... administrative reforms..." (Wikipedia: Peter the Great, 2.12.26 UTC 18:37)

Elizabeth of Russia (1709-1762)

"...Empress of Russia... numerous construction projects and her strong opposition to Prussian policies... last person on the agnatic line of the Romanovs... eldest daughter of Tsar Peter the Great... brought about a remarkable Age of Enlightenment in Russia... University of Moscow... War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748) and the Seven Years' War (1756-1763)." (Wikipedia: Elizabeth of Russia, 1.5.26 UTC 13:54)

Catherine the Great (1729-1796)

"...Empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796... coup d'état against her husband, Peter III... founding of many new cities, universities and theatres... Poland, which was eventually partitioned... Crimean Khanate was annexed... Russo-Turkish War... colonized the territories of New Russia along the coast of the Black and Azov seas... colonized Alaska... Pugachev's Rebellion of Cossacks..." (Wikipedia: Catherine the Great, 2.14.26 UTC 11:28)

Alexander I (1777-1825)

"...Emperor of Russia... first king of Congress Poland... Grand Duke of Finland... changed Russia's position towards France four times between 1804 and 1812... Napoleon's invasion descended into a catastrophe for the French... gained territory in Finland and Poland... formed the Holy Alliance to suppress the revolutionary movements in Europe..." (Wikipedia: Alexander I, 2.10.26 UTC 04:42)

Nicholas I (1796-1855)

"...Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland, and Grand Duke of Finland... failed Decemberist revolt... helping to create an independent Greek State... Russian conquest of the Caucasus... Armenia and Azerbaijan... Russo-Persian War... Russo-Turkish War... crushed the November Uprising in Poland... aided Austria during the Hungarian Revolution... Crimean War with disastrous results..." (Wikipedia: Nicholas I, 2.14.26 UTC 16:34)

Alexander II (1818-1881)

"...Emperor of Russia, King of Poland, and Grand Duke of Finland... abolished Russian serfdom in 1861... campaigned into the Far East, the Caucasus, and Central Asia... sold Alaska to the United States... Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878... Amur Annexation... approved Russian military plans on the Caucasian front that culminated in the Circassian genocide... Polish uprising in January 1863..." (Wikipedia: Alexander II, 2.17.26 UTC 17:09)

Nicholas II (1868-1918)

"...Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland, and Grand Duke of Finland... final chapter of the Romanov dynasty... As a constitutional monarch, he resisted political reform and retained autocratic control, despite the establishment of the Duma... defeat in the Russo-Japanese War... turmoil of the 1905 Revolution... the February Revolution forced his abdication... executed in Yekaterinburg..." (Wikipedia: Nicholas II, 2.16.26 UTC 15:42)

Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924)

"...first head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917... Bolsheviks' founder... won the Russian Civil War and created a one-party state under the Communist Party... embraced revolutionary socialist politics... After the February Revolution of 1917 ousted Tsar Nicholas II... played a leading role in the October Revolution... abolished private ownership of land, nationalized major industry and banks... suppressed opposition in the Red Terror..." (Wikipedia: Vladimir Lenin, 2.13.26 UTC 19:13)

Leon Trotsky (1879-1940)

"...key figure int he 1905 Revolution, October Revolution of 1917, Russian Civil War, and the establishment of the Soviet Union, from which he was exiled in 1929... initially sided with the Mensheviks against Lenin's Bolsheviks in the party's 1903 schism, but declared himself non-factional in 1904... negotiated the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, by which Russia withdrew from World War I... expelled from the Politburo in 1926... assassinated in 1940 in Mexico City..." (Wikipedia: Leon Trotsky,

Joseph Stalin (1878-1953)

"...led the Soviet Union... served as a member of the Politburo... After Lenin's death in 1924, Stalin won the leadership struggle... famine in 1932-1933 which killed millions, including the Holodomor in Ukraine... executed hundreds of thousands of his real and perceived political opponents in the Great Purge... signed the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact with Germany... at the start of World War II. Germany broke the pact by invading the Soviet Union in 1941... repelled the German invasion and captured Berlin in 1945..." (Wikipedia: Joseph Stalin, 2.18.26 UTC 02:44)

Nikita Khrushchev (1894-1971)

"...First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964... campaign of de-Stalinization... presiding over the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962... successful launching of Sputnik in 1957... 1956 Suez Crisis, 1957 Syrian Criss, 1960 U-2 incident..." (Wikipedia: Nikita Khrushchev, 2.13.26 UTC 19:32)

Leonid Brezhnev (1906-1982)

"...General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1964... while pushing for détente between the two Cold War superpowers, he greatly increased the Soviet nuclear arsenal... increase in repression and censorship... referred to as the Era of Stagnation." (Wikipedia: Leonid Brezhnev, 2.19.26 UTC 04:04)

Mikhail Gorbachev (1931-2022)

"...last leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 until the country's dissolution in 1991... In 1985, the Politburo elected Gorbachev as general secretary... withdrew troops from the Soviet-Afghan War... summits with United States president Ronald Reagan to limit nuclear weapons and end the Cold War... policy of glasnost ('openness') and demokratizatsiya ('democratization')... perestroika ('restructuring')..." (Wikipedia: Mikhail Gorbachev, 2.15.26 UTC 18:54)

Boris Yeltsin (1931-2007)

"...President of Russia from 1991 to 1999... instrumental in the formal dissolution of the Soviet Union... oversaw the transition of Russia's command economy into a capitalist market economy... constitutional crisis emerged in 1993... troops loyal to Yeltsin stormed the parliament building and stopped an armed uprising... First Chechen War, War of Dagestan, and Second Chechen War..." (Wikipedia: Boris Yeltsin, 2.13.26)

Vladimir Putin (1952 - now)

"...President of Russia since 2012, having previously served from 2000 to 2008... Prime Minister of Russia form 1999 to 2000 and again from 2008 to 2012... worked as a KGB foreign intelligence officer... conflict against Chechen separatists... Russo-Georgia War... annexed Crimea... launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine... political system has been transformed into an authoritarian dictatorship..." (Wikipedia: Vladimir Putin, 2.18.26 UTC 20:52)

License: CC BY-SA 4.0

List of Scandinavian political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia)

This post is a list of Scandinavian political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia). There are 9 political leaders listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

Cnut (c. 990 - 1035 AD)

"...King of England from 1016, King of Denmark form 1018, and King of Norway from 1028... The three kingdoms united under Cnut's rule are referred to together as the North Sea Empire by historians." (Wikipedia: Cnut, 2.13.26 UTC 01:01)

Margaret I of Denmark (1353-1412)

"...queen regnant of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden (which included Finland)... founder of the Kalmar Union that joined the Scandinavian kingdoms... resist and compete against the might of the Hanseatic League... Her regency marked the beginning of a Dano-Norwegian union..." (Wikipedia: Margaret I of Denmark, 1.26.26 UTC 15:54)

Gustavus Adolphus (1594-1632)

"...King of Sweden from 1611 to 1632... credited with the rise of Sweden as a great European power... one of the primary military forces during the Thirty Years' War... conflicts with Russia and Denmark-Norway... commemorated by Protestants..." (Wikipedia: Gustavus Adolphus, 2.4.26 UTC 14:45)

Christina, Queen of Sweden (1626-1689)

"...Queen of Sweden from 1632 until her abdication in 1654... conversion to Catholicism and refusal to marry led her to relinquish her throne and move to Rome... succeeded her father Gustavus Adolphus... Torstenson War in 1644... symbol of the Counter-Reformation..." (Wikipedia: Christina, Queen of Sweden, 1.20.26 UTC 12:46)

Charles XII of Sweden (1682-1718)

"...King of Sweden from 1697 to 1718... triple alliance of Denmark-Norway, Saxony-Poland-Lithuania and Russia launched a threefold attack... Great Northern War. Leading the Swedish army against the alliance, Charles won multiple victories despite being significantly outnumbered... death at the Siege of Fredriksten in 1718." (Wikipedia: Charles XII, 1.31.26 UTC 09:17)

Charles XIV John (1763-1844)

"...King of Sweden and Norway... During the Napoleonic Wars, he participated in several battles as a Marshal of France... unexpectedly elected the heir-presumptive to the Childless King Charles XIII of Sweden... French invasion of Swedish Pomerania... creation of the Sixth Coalition by allying with Alexander I of Russia... Swedish-Norwegian War of 1814... put Norway into a union with Sweden..." (Wikipedia: Charles XIV John, 2.17.26 UTC 16:26)

Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim (1867-1951)

"...military leader of the Whites in the Finnish Civil War (1918)... as commander-in-chief of the Finnish Defense Forces during World War II (1939-1945), and as president of Finland (1944-1946)... After Bolshevik coup of November 1917 in Russia, Finland declared independence... led the Finnish Defense Forces in an invasion of the Soviet Union alongside Nazi Germany known as the Continuation War..." (Wikipedia: Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, 2.15.26 UTC 13:29)

Dag Hammarskjöld (1905-1961)

"...Swedish economist and diplomat... served as the second secretary-general of the United Nations... led initiatives to improve morale and organizational efficiency while seeking to make the UN more responsive to global issues... creation of the first UN peacekeeping forces..." (Wikipedia: Dag Hammarskjöld, 2.10.26 UTC 17:43)

Gro Harlem Brundtland (1939 - now)

"...served three terms as the prime minister of Norway (1981, 1986-1989, and 1990-1996)... director-general of the World Health Organization from 1998 to 2003... UN special envoy on Climate Change from 2007 to 2010." (Wikipedia: Gro Harlem Brundtland, 12.5.26 UTC 21:11)

License: CC BY-SA 4.0

List of Polish and Lithuanian political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia)

This post is a list of Polish and Lithuanian political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia). There are 12 political leaders listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

Mieszko I (c. 930 -992 AD)

"...founder of the first unified Polish state, the Civitas Schinesghe... member of the Piast dynasty... subjugated Kuyavia and likely Gdańsk Pomerania and Masovia... waged war for control of Western Pomerania... alliances with Bohemia, Sweden and the Holy Roman Empire..." (Wikipedia: Mieszko I, 1.30.26 UTC 18:01)

Bolesław I the Brave (c. 967 - 1025 AD)

"...Duke of Poland... first King of Poland... Duke of Bohemia... member of the Piast dynasty... son of Miesko I... fought a series of wars against Otto's cousin and heir, Henry II, ending int he Peace of Bautzen... conducted successful military campaigns to the west, south and east..." (Wikipedia: Bolesław I the Brave, 2.12.26 UTC 13:59)

Gediminas (c. 1275-1341)

"...Grand Duke of Lithuania... brought under his rule lands stretching form the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea." (Wikipedia: Gediminas, 1.16.26 UTC 14:27)

Casimir III the Great (1310-1370)

"...King of Poland... later became King of Ruthenia... last Polish king from the Piast dynasty... normalized relations with the Kingdom of Bohemia as well as the Teutonic Order... extensive legal and administrative reforms that laid the foundations of a more centralized state..." (Wikipedia: Casimir III the Great, 1.25.26 UTC 01:12)

Vytautas the Great (c. 1350-1430)

"...ruler of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania... revered as a national hero and was an important figure in the national rebirth in the 19th century..." (Wikipedia: Vytautas the Great, 2.10.26 UTC 20:20)

Władysław II Jagiełło (c. 1352-1434)

"...Grand Duke of Lithuania... becoming King of Poland... laid the foundation for the centuries-long Polish-Lithuanian union... member of the Jagiellonian dynasty... confronted the growing power of the Teutonic Order... beginning of Poland's Golden Age." (Wikipedia: Władysław II Jagiełło, 2.4.26 UTC 05:53)

Stephen Báthory (1533-1586)

"...King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania as well as Prince of Transylvania... member of the Hungarian Báthory noble family... defeated a fellow claimant to the throne, Maximillian II, Holy Roman Emperor and quelling rebellions, most notably, the Gdańsk rebellion... victorious campaign in Livonia against Russia..." (Wikipedia: Stephen Báthory, 2.13.26 UTC 23:35)

Sigismund III Vasa (1566-1632)

"...King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania... King of Sweden... imposed Catholicism across the vast realm... in 1592 the Polish-Swedish union was created. Opposition in Protestant Sweden caused a war against Sigismund... successful invasion of Russia during the Time of Troubles... defeated the Ottoman forces in southeastern Europe..." (Wikipedia: Sigismund III Vasa, 12.29.25 UTC 17:47)

John III Sobieski (1629-1696)

"...King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania... period of the Commonwealth's stabilization, much needed after the turmoil of previous conflicts... victory over the Ottoman Empire at the Battle of Vienna in 1683." (Wikipedia: John III Sobieski, 1.24.26 UTC 16:32)

Augustus II the Strong (1670-1733)

"...Elector of Saxony... King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania... led the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Great Northern War..." (Wikipedia: Augustus II the Strong, 2.12.26 UTC 22:49)

Józef Piłsudski (1867-1935)

"...served as Chief of State (1918-1922) and first Marshal of Poland... viewed as a father of the Second Polish Republic, which was re-established in 1918, 123 years after the final partition of Poland in 1795... leader of the Polish Socialist Party... formed the Polish Legions... fought alongside Austria-Hungary against Russia... From 1919 to 1921 he commanded Polish forces in six wars... returned to power in the May Coup..." (Wikipedia: Józef Piłsudski, 2.10.26 UTC 21:32)

Lech Wałęsa (1942 - now)

"... president of Poland between 1990 and 1995... first democratically elected president of Poland since 1926... leader of the opposition Solidarity movement and led a successful pro-democratic effort, which ended Communist rule in Poland... Gdańsk Agreement between striking workers and the government... establishment of the Round Table Agreement that led to the semi-free 1989 Polish parliamentary election..." (Wikipedia: Lech Wałsa, 2.22.26 UTC 18:41)

License: CC BY-SA 4.0

List of Italian (non-Papal States, non-Roman civlization) political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia)

This post is a list of Italian (non-Papal States, non-Roman civilization) political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia). There are 8 political leaders listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

Robert Guiscard (c. 1015-1085)

"...Norman adventurer remembered for his conquest of southern Italy and Sicily... made Duke of Apulia and Calabria and Lord of Sicily... briefly Prince of Benevento..." (Wikipedia: Robert Guiscard, 2.12.26 UTC 06:50)

Roger II of Sicily (1095-1154)

"...became Duke of Apulia and Calbria in 1127, then King of Sicily in 1130 and King of Africa in 1148." (Wikipedia: Roger II of Sicily, 2.13.26 UTC 01:49)

Cosimo de' Medici (1389-1464)

"...Italian banker and politician... de facto first ruler of Florence during the Italian Renaissance, establishing the Medici family as its effective leaders for generations... power derived from his wealth as a banker... patron of arts, learning and architecture... including Donatello's David..." (Wikipedia: Cosimo de' Medici, 1.23.26 UTC 14:12)

Lorenzo de' Medici (1449-1492)

"...de facto ruler of the Florentine Republic... held the balance of power within the Italic League, an alliance of states that stabilized political conditions... sponsorship of artists such as Botticelli and Michelangelo... subject of the Pazzi conspiracy, in which his brother Giuliano was assassinated. The Peace of Lodi of 1454 that he supported among various Italian states collapsed with his death." (Wikipedia: Lorenzo de' Medici, 2.4.26 UTC 22:41)

Girolamo Savonarola (1452-1498)

"...Dominican friar from Ferrara... advocacy of the destruction of secular art and culture, and his calls for Christian renewal... instituted an extreme moralistic campaign... Florence refused to join Pope Alexander VI's Holy League against the French... Alexander excommunicated Savonarola... Savonarola and two of his supporting friars were imprisoned... civil authorities condemned, hanged, and burned the bodies of the three friars..." (Wikipedia: Girolamo Savonarola, 1.21.26 UTC 02:50)

Cesare Borgia (1475-1507)

"...cardinal deacon and later a condottiero, as well as a member of the Spanish House of Borgia... illegitimate son of Pope Alexander VI... employed as a condottiero for King Louis XII of France... occupied both Milan and Naples during the Italian Wars... carved out a state for himself in Central Italy, but he was unable to retain power..." (Wikipedia: Cesare Borgia, 2.8.26 UTC 01:05)

Camillo Benso (1810-1861)

"...leading figure in the movement towards Italian unification... Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia from 1852... After the declaration of a united Kingdom of Italy, Cavour took office as the first Prime Minister of Italy..." (Wikipedia: Camillo Benso, 2.8.26 UTC 18:44)

Benito Mussolini (1883-1945)

"...dictator who was prime minister of Italy, whose rule lasted from the March on Rome in 1922 until his overthrow in 1943... founded the National Fascist Party... removing opposition through his secret police... signed the Lateran Treaty to establish Vatican City... In 1936, Ethiopia was conquered... formed the Axis powers with Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan... placed in custody in July 1943... rescued by Germany... Adolf Hitler made Mussolini the figurehead of a puppet state... captured by communist partisans and executed..." (Wikipedia: Benito Mussolini, 2.16.26 UTC 03:54)

License: CC BY-SA 4.0

List of Papal States political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia)

This post is a list of Papal States political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia). There are 6 political leaders listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

Pope Gregory VII (c. 1015-1085)

"...initiated the Gregorian Reform... known for the part he played in the Investiture Controversy, his dispute with Emperor Henry IV to establish the primacy of papal authority and the new canon law governing the election of the pope by the College of Cardinals... introduced a policy of celibacy for the clergy... excommunicated Henry IV three times..." (Wikipedia: Pope Gregory VII, 2.13.26 UTC 02:29)

Pope Urban II (c. 1035-1099)

"...convening the Council of Clermont, which ignited the series of Catholic military expeditions known as the Crusades... dealt with Antipope Clement III, the infighting of various Christian nations, and the Turkish invasions into Anatolia... fight to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslims... resulted in the occupation of Jerusalem and expulsion of the Fatimids... set up the modern-day Roman Curia..." (Wikipedia: Pope Urban II, 11.17.25 UTC 19:02)

Pope Innocent III (1161-1216)

"...claiming supremacy over Europe's kings... reforms of ecclesiastical affairs through his decretals and the Fourth Lateran Council... refinement of Western canon law... directing crusades against Muslim Iberia... the Livonian Crusade against Baltic and Finnic pagans... and the Albigensian Crusade against Cathars in southern France... organized the Fourth Crusade... ended in the sack of Constantinople." (Wikipedia: Pope Innocent III, 2.2.26 UTC 08:25)

Pope Boniface VIII (c. 1230-1303)

"...some of the strongest claims of any pope to temporal as well as spiritual power. He involved himself often with foreign affairs... systematized canon law by collecting it in a new volume, the Liber Sextus (1298)... established the first Catholic jubilee year to take place in Rome... excommunicated King Philip IV... the king sent his troops to attack the pope's residence..." (Wikipedia: Pope Boniface VIII, 2.14.26 UTC 19:26)

Pope Alexander VI (c. 1431-1503)

"...papal bulls of 1493 confirmed or reconfirmed the rights of the Spanish crown in the New World... supported his son Cesare Borgia as a condottiero for the French king." (Wikipedia: Pope Alexander VI, 2.13.26 UTC 12:47)

Pope Julius II (1443-1513)

"...central figure of the High Renaissance... Papal States increased their power and centralization... established the Vatican Museums and initiated the rebuilding of the St. Peter's Basilica... organized the famous Swiss Guard for his personal protection... ratified the Treaty of Tordesillas, establishing the first bishoprics in the Americas... commissioned the Raphael Rooms and Michelangelo's paintings in the Sistine Chapel. (Wikipedia: Pope Julius II, 1.23.26 UTC 02:34)

License: CC BY-SA 4.0

List of Korean political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia)

This post is a list of Korean political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia). There are 9 political leaders listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

Gwanggaeto the Great (374 - 412 AD)

"...monarch of Goguryeo... conquests into Western Manchuria against Khitan tribes... inner Mongolia and the Maritime Province of Russia... Han River valley in central Korea... defeated Baekje... achieved a loose unification of the Korean peninsula... defeated the Xianbei... conquered the Liaodong peninsula... (Wikipedia: Gwanggaeto the Great, 11.13.25 UTC 08:53)

Taejo of Goryeo (877 - 943 AD)

"...founder of the Goryeo dynasty of Korea... achieving unification of the Later Three Kingdoms in 936." (Wikipedia: Taejo of Goryeo, 11.12.25 UTC 03:19)

Taejo of Joseon (1335-1408)

"...founder and first monarch of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. After overthrowing the Goreyo dynasty, he ascended the throne in 1392... No new institutions were created, and no massive purges occurred during his reign... re-established amicable ties with Japan and improved relations with Ming China." (Wikipedia: Taejo of Joseon, 1.9.26 UTC 21:24)

Sejong the Great (1397-1450)

"...regarded as the greatest king in Korean history... creation of Hangul, the native alphabet of the Korean language... developments in science, technology, medicine, agriculture and the arts... Ōei Invasion against the Japanese Tsushima Island... expanded the northern borders of Korea to roughly its current extent..." (Wikipedia: Sejong the Great, 1.23.26 UTC 12:52)

Seonjo of Joseon (1552-1608)

"...14th monarch of Joseon... promoting Korean Confucianism... political discord and his incompetent leadership during the Imjin War..." (Wikipedia: Seonjo of Joseon, 2.5.26 UTC 05:55)

Jeongjo of Joseon (1752- 1800)

"...22nd monarch of the Joseon dynasty... built the Hwaseong Fortress, reformed governance... established the Kyujanggak royal library, expanded social mobility, and encouraged Neo-Confucian scholarship... cultural and political renaissance..." (Wikipedia: Jeongjo of Joseon, 11.13.25 UTC 19:02)

Syngman Rhee (1875-1965)

"...first president of South Korea from 1948 to 1960... last president of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea... characterized by authoritarianism, limited economic development... Korean independence activist and was imprisoned... anti-communist and pro-American views... Korean War (1950-1953), in which North Korea invaded South Korea. He refused to sign the armistice agreement that ended the war, wishing to have the peninsula reunited by force... resigned on April 26, 1960, ushering in the Second Republic of Korea..." (Wikipedia: Syngman Rhee, 1.26.26 UTC 12:06)

Kim II Sung (1912-1994)

"...founded the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, also known as North Korea in 1948... chairman of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea from 1949 to 1966... authorized the invasion of South Korea in 1950... ceasefire was signed in July 1953... totalitarian, socialist, personalist dictatorship with a centrally planned economy... close political and economic relations with the Soviet Union and China... widespread famine in 1994..." (Wikipedia: Kim II Sung, 2.12.26 UTC 19:49)

Park Chung Hee (1917-1979)

"...third president of South Korean from 1962 after he seized power in the May 16 coup of 1961 until his assassination in 1979... intense economic growth and transformation... end to the Second Republic of Korea... anti-communist, continued to maintain close ties with the United States... formation of chaebols: family companies supported by the state... In 1972, Park declared martial law after carrying out a self-coup... ruling as a dictator..." (Wikipedia: Park Chung Hee, 2.16.26 UTC 21:50)

License: CC BY-SA 4.0