- Founded by Cyrus the Great (550 BC)
- Based in modern-day Iran
- Defeated Medes, Lydia and Neo-Babylonian Empire
- 5.5 million sq. kilometers: Balkans, Egypt, West Asia, Central Asia, Indus Valley
- Conquered by Alexander the Great and Macedonian Empire (330 BC)
- Later ruled by Ptolemaic Kingdom and Seleucid Empire