Collection of facts about the Etruscan civilization

This post is a collection of facts about the Etruscan civilization (900 - 27 BC). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Based in Italy (Tuscany, western Umbria, northern Lazio, Po Valley, Emilia-Romagna, south-eastern Lombardy, southern Veneto, western Campania)
• Preceded by the Proto-Villanovan culture and Urnfield culture
• Etruscan language derived from the Euboean alphabet
• Etruscan League: Alliance between 12 settlements between 600 - 500 BC (according to legend)
• Battle of Alalia (540 BC) against Phocaea
• Battle of Cumae (474 BC) against Syracuse
• Roman-Etruscan Wars (began 4th century BC)
• Annexed by Roman Empire in 27 BC

Collection of facts about the Safavid Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Safavid Empire (1501-1736). There are 13 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Based in Iran
• Expanded to Azerbaijan, Armenia and parts of Georgia, Iraq, Turkey, Syria, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
• Ismail I ruled 1501-1524
• Ismail I made Twelver Shi'ism the official religion
• Battle of Chaldiran (1514) against Ottoman Empire
• Ottoman-Safavid war of 1532-1555
• Abbas the Great ruled 1588-1629
• Ottoman-Safavid war of 1603-1622
• Afghan Hotak dynasty invasion in 1722
• Russo-Persian War (1722-1723)
• Nader Shah led reconquest 1726-1729
• Ended when Nader Shah became shah in 1736
• Succeeded by the Afsharid dynasty

Collection of facts about the Songhai Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Songhai Empire (c. 1430-1591). There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Gained independence from Mali Empire (c. 1430)
• Capital: Gao (Western Africa)
• Ruled by Sonni dynasty (c. 1464-1493) and Askia dynasty (1493-1591)
• Sonni Ali ruled 1464-1492
• Annexed Timbuktu in 1468
• Askia the Great ruled 1493-1528
• War of succession began after the death of Askia Daoud (1583)
• Invaded by the Saadi dyanasty
• Ended at the Battle of Tondibi in 1591

Collection of facts about the Dutch Republic

This post is a collection of facts about the Dutch Republic (1588-1795). There are 15 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Preceded by Spanish Netherlands
• Gained independence from Spain in 1581
• Confederated into seven provinces in 1588: Groningen, Frisia, Overijssel, Guelders, Utrecht, Holland, Zeeland
• Fought in the Eighty Years' War (after 1588 until 1648)
• Dutch-Portuguese War (1598-1663)
• Dutch East India Company (VOC) established in 1602
• Dutch West India company (WIC) established in 1621
• Art and science flourished during the Dutch Golden Age (17th century)
• Gained about 20% more territory in the Peace of Westphalia (1648)
• Anglo Dutch wars (1652-1784)
• Nine Years' War (1688-1697)
• War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713)
• War of the Austrian Succession (1744-1748)
• War of the First Coalition (1792-1795)
• Ended with the Batavian Revolution in 1795

Collection of facts about the Dutch colonial empire

This post is collection of facts about the Dutch colonial empire (1595-1975). There are 18 facts listed below.

• During the Dutch Republic (1588-1795), Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815-1975)
• Gained independence from Spain in 1581
• Dutch East India Company (1602-1799) also known as VOC
• Dutch West India company (1621-1792) also known as WIC
• Colonies in North America, Caribbean, Brazil, Suriname, Africa, India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Japan, Taiwan
• Initially operated commercially
• Involved in the slave trade
• Dutch Gold Coast (Ghana) established in 1612
• New Netherlands (eastern North America) established in 1614
• Dutch Formosa (Taiwan) established in 1624
• Dutch Brazil established in 1630
• Dutch Cape Colony (South Africa) established in 1652
• Anglo-Dutch wars (1652-1784) lead to loss of colonies to Britain and France
• Japan invaded the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) in 1942
• Indonesian National Revolution (1945-1949)
• Indonesia gained independence in 1949
• Ended when Dutch Guiana (Suriname) gained independence in 1975
• Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten are autonomous constituent countries within the Kingdom of Netherlands

Sources

Wikipedia: Dutch colonial empire, Indonesian National Revolution

Collection of facts about the Vedic period

This post is a collection of facts about the Vedic period (1500 - 1100 BC). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Based in the northern India and Punjab region
• Proceeded by the Indus Valley Civilization
• Vedas composed and orally transmitted (c. 1500 - 900 BC)
• Old Indo-Aryan language
• Lead to Hinduism and the Hindu synthesis
• Influenced the Kuru kingdom (union of Indo-Aryan tribes)
• Class system and Brahminism established
• Challenged by śramaṇa movements (for example Jainism and Buddhism)

Collection of facts about the Mali War

This post is a collection of facts about the Mali War (2012 - now). There are 18 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Began with the Tuareg rebellion in northern Mali (Jan 2012)
• National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) rebels fighting for independence of Azawad
• MNLA initially allied with Ansar Dine, al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) and Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa (MOJWA)
• MNLA coup d'état (Mar - Apr 2012)
• MNLA declared independence from Mali and was rejected by the African Union
• French military began operations in Mali (Jan 2013)
• Peace deal signed in June 2013 but suspended in Sept 2013
• Islamic State - Sahel Province (ISSP) formed in 2015
• Algiers Accords peace deal in June 2015
• Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM) coalition formed in 2017
• Conflict between JNIM and ISSP began in 2019
• Assimi Goïta lead coup d'état in 2020
• Assimi Goïta lead another coup d'état in 2021
• MINUSMA (United Nations peacekeeping) withdrew in 2023
• Strategic Framework for the Defense of the People of Azawad (CSP) dissolved and merged with the Azawad Liberation Front in Nov 2024
• 230,000 people internally displaced
• 144,000 people have fled the country
• Total deaths: 13,105

Collection of facts about the Haitian conflict

This post is a collection of facts about the Haitian conflict (2020 - now). There are 13 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Gangs attack Port-au-Prince and kill 34 people in May 2020
• G9 alliance of gangs formed in June 2020
• G-Pèp alliance of gangs formed in July 2020 in response to G9
• President Jovenel Moïse assassinated July 7th, 2021
• Port-au-Prince gang battles in July 2022 killed 89 people
• 18 police officers killed in Port-au-Prince in Jan 2023
• G9 and G-Pèp formed a coalition against the Haitian government in Feb 2024
• Jailbreak of the two largest prisons in Haiti (Feb 2024)
• Prime minister Ariel Henry resigned and replaced by Garry Conille (June 2024)
• Alix Didier Fils-Aimé became prime minister (Nov 2024)
• 1.3 million people displaced
• 5.7 million people at Category 4 level food insecurity
• Deaths: at least 20,000 people

Collection of facts about the Myanmar Civil War

This post is a collection of facts about the Myanmar Civil War (2021 - now). There are 14 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Tatmadaw (Myanmar armed forces) vs. National Unity Government (NUG)
• Military junta State Administration Council (SAC) lead by Min Aung Hlaing
• Various ethic armed organizations support NUG
• NUG rejects the 2008 Constitution in favor of a federal democracy
• Began with 2021 coup d'état by Tatmadaw
• People's Defense Force (PDF) and Three Brotherhood Alliance commence Operation 1027 offensive in Oct 2023
• Rakhine offensive by the Arakan Army began in Nov 2023
• Operation 1111 commenced in Nov 2023
• Kachin offensive began in Mar 2024
• Siege of Myawaddy (Apr 2024)
• 2025 Myanmar earthquake lead to temporary ceasefire
• 1.6 million people internally displaced
• 40 thousand people have fled to Bangladesh, India and Thailand
• Deaths: 89 thousand to over 96 thousand people

Collection of facts about the Russo-Ukrainian War

This post is a collection of facts about the Ukrainian-Russo War (2014 - now). There are 20 facts listed below.

• Russia annexed Crimea in Mar 2014
• Russian-backed militants invaded the Donbas region in Apr 2014
• Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) and Luhansk People's Republic (LPR) established
• Minsk agreements signed in 2015
• Vladimir Putin demanded Ukraine cannot join NATO
• Russia invaded Ukraine in Feb 2022
• Siege of Mariupol (Feb - Apr 2022)
• Russia abandoned attempts to capture Kyiv in Apr 2022
• Battle of Donbas began in Apr 2022
• Ukrainian counteroffensive in Kherson and Kharkiv regions in 2022
• Russia annexes Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk, Zaporizhzhia in Sept 2022
• Wagner Group captures Bakhmut for Russian control (May 2023)
• Battle of Avdiivka (Oct 2023 - Feb 2024)
• Russia invaded Chasiv Yar in Apr 2024
• Ukraine invaded Kursk region in Russia in Aug 2024
• Russia captured Velyka Novosilka in Jan 2025
• Russia captured Pokrovsk, Mynohrad, Huliaipole in 2026
• Russia occupies 20% of Ukraine as of Apr 2026
• 8 million Ukrainians displaced internally
• 6-7 million Ukrainians have fled the country

Sources

Wikipedia: Russo-Ukrainian War, Russo-Ukrainian War (2022 - present)

Collection of facts about the Gaza War

This post is a collection of facts about the Gaza War (2023 - now). There are 14 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Began with Hamas surprise attack against Israel on Oct 7th, 2023 (1,195 people killed and 251 hostages taken)
• Massacre at Nova music festival
• 90% of Gaza's infrastructure has been destroyed by Israeli bombing
• Israeli ordered an evacuation of Gaza City on Oct 13th, 2023
• First ceasefire (Nov 2023)
• Rafah offensive began May 2024
• Siege of North Gaza began Oct 2024
• Second ceasefire (Jan - Mar 2025)
• Gaza City offensive began Aug 2025
• Gaza peace plan implemented (Oct 2025)
• Last 20 remaining Israeli hostages released (Oct 2025)
• Israeli is being investigated for genocide by the International Court of Justice
• Israeli offensive has killed at least 72,000 Palestinians
• 2.3 million Palestinians and 100 thousand Israelis displaced

Collection of facts about the Sudanese Civil War (began 2023)

This post is a list of facts about the Sudanese Civil War (2023 - now). There are 13 facts listed below.

• Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) vs. Rapid Support Forces (RSF)
• Factions of SPLM-N fighting on both sides
• Preceded by the War in Darfur (2003-2020) and the 2021 coup d'état
• Began April 2023 with RSF attacks
• Battle of Khartoum (2023-2025)
• Masalit genocide in the Darfur region (2023 - now)
• Treaty of Jeddah (2023)
• Siege of El Fasher (2023-2025)
• El Fasher massacre committed by RSF killing 60,000 to 150,000 people
• 12 million people displaced
• 3.5 million people fled the country
• 25 million people with food insecurity
• Total deaths: 150,000 to 400,000 people (highly uncertain)

Sources

Wikipedia: Sudanese civil war (2023 - present), Masalit genocide, Siege of El Fasher

Collection of facts about the Spanish Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Spanish Empire (1492-1976). There are 14 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Christopher Columbus arrived in the Americas (1492)
• Treaty of Tordesillas divided the world into Spanish and Portuguese claims (1494)
• Conquest of the Aztec Empire (1519-1521)
• Magellan circumnavigated the Earth (1519-1522)
• Conquest of the Maya (1524-1697)
• Conquest of the Inca Empire (1532-1572)
• Spanish East Indies (Philippines) established in 1565
• Portugal personal union with Spain forming the Iberian Union in 1580
• Portugal regained independence in 1640
• Occupied Louisiana Territory 1762-1803
• South American countries gained independence from Spain: Argentina (1810), Gran Colombia (1810), Chile (1810), Paraguay (1811), Uruguay (1815), Peru (1821), Panama (1821), Mexico (1821)
• Central American countries gained independence from Spain by 1823: Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica
• Lost Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines in Spanish-American War (1898)
• Withdrew from Spanish Sahara in 1976

Collection of facts about the Empire of Japan

This post is a collection of facts about the Empire of Japan (1868-1947). There are 20 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Formed during the Meiji Restoration in 1868
• Meiji ruled as emperor 1868-1912
• Boshin War (1868-1869)
• First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)
• Invaded Taiwan in 1895
• Itō Hirobumi served as first prime minister in 1885
• Joined international coalition during the Boxer Rebellion (1900)
• Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)
• Occupied Korea 1910-1945
• Taishō ruled as emperor 1912-1926
• Invaded Siberia 1918-1922
• Hirohito ruled as emperor 1926-1947
• Invaded Manchuria in 1931
• Second Sino-Japanese War began in 1937
• Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy (1940)
• Fought in World War II (1941-1945)
• Attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7th, 1941
• Atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (August 1945)
• Surrendered on September 2nd, 1945
• Ended with the Constitution of Japan in 1947

Collection of facts about the German Empire

This post is a collection facts about the German Empire (1871-1918). There are 11 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Unification of Germany (1871)
• 25 states (4 kingdoms, 6 grand duchies, 5 duchies, 7 principalities, 3 free Hanseatic cities)
• Otto von Bismarck was the first chancellor 1871-1890
• Wilhelm I was emperor 1871-1888
• Formed alliance with Austria-Hungary in 1879
• Occupied territories in Africa and Asia
• Wilhelm II was emperor 1888-1918
• Fought in World War I (1914-1918)
• Expanded east in Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918
• Ended during the November 1918 Revolution
• Treaty of Versailles imposed reparation costs on Germany
• Succeeded by the Weimar Republic

Collection of facts about the Empire of Brazil

This post is a collection of facts about the Empire of Brazil (1822-1889). There are 12 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Gained independence from Portugal in 1822
• Pedro I ruled 1822-1831
• Cisplatine War (1825-1828)
• Cisplatina (Uruguay) gained independence in 1828
• Pedro II ruled 1831-1889
• Ragamuffin War (1835-1845)
• Platine War (1851-1852)
• Uruguayan War (1864-1865)
• Paraguayan War (1864-1870)
• Slavery abolished in 1888
• Pedro II overthrown by coup d'état in 1889
• Succeeded by the First Brazilian Republic

Collection of facts about the Tsardom of Russia

This post is a collection of facts about the Tsardom of Russia (1547-1721). There are 11 facts listed below.

• Preceded by the Grand Principality of Moscow
• Ivan IV was the first tsar in 1547
• Livonian War (1558-1583)
• Russian conquest of Siberia (1580-1778)
• Rurik dynasty ended in 1598
• Time of Troubles (1598-1613)
• Romanov dynasty began in 1613
• Polish-Russian War (1609-1618)
• Russo-Polish War (1654-1667)
• Schism of the Russian Church (1660s - 1690s)
• Succeeded by the Russian Empire in 1721

Sources

Wikipedia: Tsardom of Russia, Polish-Russian War, Schism of the Russian Church, Russian conquest of Siberia

Collection of facts about the Kingdom of France

This post is a collection of facts about the Kingdom of France (843 - 1848 AD). There are 20 facts listed below.

• Preceded by the Carolingian Empire
• Began as Western Francia (part of the Carolingian Empire) in 843 AD
• Hugh Capet became king founded the Capetian dynasty in 987 AD
• Capetian dynasty and cadet branches (Valois, Bourbon) ruled until 1792
• Rivalry with the Angevin Empire and House of Plantagenet
• Edward III of England claimed throne of Kingdom of France
• Hundred Years' War (1337-1453)
• Italian Wars (1494-1559)
• Wars of Religion (1562-1598)
• Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)
• Louis XIV ruled 1643-1715
• War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748)
• Seven Years' War (1756-1763)
• French Revolution began in 1789
• Monarchy abolished in 1792
• Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815)
• Monarchy restored in 1814 (Bourbon Restoration)
• Napoleon defeated at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815
• July Revolution in 1830
• Ended with the French Revolution of 1848

Sources

Wikipedia: Kingdom of France, Hundred Years' War, Napoleonic Wars

Collection of facts about the Kingdom of England

This post is a collection of facts about the Kingdom of England (927 - 1707 AD). There are 17 facts listed below.

• Preceded by Anglo-Saxon kingdoms (Heptarchy): East Anglia, Mercia, Northumbria, Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex
• Æthelstan united the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in 927
• Joined the North Sea Empire (personal union with Denmark, Norway) in 1016
• Invaded by Normans in 1066
• Norman/Angevin rule (1066-1216)
• Magna Carta (1215)
• Plantagent rule (1216-1485)
• Wales conquered in 1284
• Hundred Years' War (1337-1453)
• English Reformation (16th century)
• Tudor period (1485-1603)
• England, Scotland and Ireland form personal union in 1603
• Stuart period (1603-1714)
• English Civil War (1642-1651)
• Interregnum (1649-1660)
• Glorious Revolution (1688)
• Succeeded by Great Britain (England and Scotland unite) in 1707

Sources

Wikipedia: Kingdom of England, English Civil War

Top 20 largest countries by area

This post is a list of the top 20 largest countries by area. Source: Wikipedia

1. Russia (6.6 million sq mi)
2. Canada (3.8 million sq mi)
3. China (3.7 million sq mi)
4. United States (3.6 million sq mi)
5. Brazil (3.2 million sq mi)
6. Australia (2.9 million sq mi)
7. India (1.2 million sq mi)
8. Argentina (1.0 million sq mi)
9. Kazakhstan (1.0 million sq mi)
10. Algeria (919 thousand sq mi)
11. Democratic Republic of the Congo (905 thousand sq mi)
12. Saudi Arabia (830 thousand sq mi)
13. Mexico (758 thousand sq mi)
14. Indonesia (735 thousand sq mi)
15. Sudan (725 thousand sq mi)
16. Libya (679 thousand sq mi)
17. Iran (636 thousand sq mi)
18. Mongolia (603 thousand sq mi)
19. Peru (496 thousand sq mi)
20. Chad (495 thousand sq mi)

Collection of facts about the Russian Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Russian Empire (1721-1917). There are 15 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Preceded by the Tsardom of Russia (1547-1721)
• Peter I ruled as first emperor 1721-1725
• Catherine the Great ruled 1762-1796
• Occupied Alaska 1799-1867
• Alexander I ruled 1801-1825
• Decemberist revolt (1825)
• Defeated in the Crimean War (1853-1856)
• 23 million serfs emancipated in 1861
• Russian Revolution of 1905
• State Duma created in 1905
• Allied with U.K. and France during World War I (1914-1918)
• Nicholas II overthrown during the February Revolution (1917)
• Newly formed Russian Republic overthrown during the October Revolution (1917)
• Romanov family murdered in 1918
• Followed by the Russian Civil War and the Soviet Union

Collection of facts about Yugoslavia

This post is a collection of facts about Yugoslavia (1918-1992). There are 16 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Merger of Kingdom of Serbia and State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs in 1918
• Originally named Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
• Peter I was succeeded by Alexander I in 1921
• Alexander established the 6 January Dictatorship and eliminated the constitution in 1929
• Renamed Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929
• Alexander I assassinated in 1934
• Yugoslav coup d'état in 1941
• Invaded by Germany, Italy and Hungary during World War II in 1941
• Josip Broz Tito ruled Yugoslavia 1944 to 1980
• Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia formed in 1945
• Renamed to Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1963
• Initial six constituent republics: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia
• Kosovo and Vojvodina became autonomous provinces in 1974
• Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (later State Union of Serbia and Montenegro) claim independence between 1991 and 1992
• Disintegrated April 1992
• Followed by the Yugoslav Wars (1991-2001)

List of Survivor seasons with returning contestants

This post is a list of Survivor seasons with returning contestants. There are 15 seasons listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• * Season 8: All Stars (18 returning)
• Season 11: Guatemala (2 returning)
• Season 16: Micronesia (10 returning)
• * Season 20: Heroes vs. Villains (20 returning)
• Season 22: Redemption Island (2 returning)
• Season 23: South Pacific (2 returning)
• Season 25: Philippines (3 returning)
• Season 26: Caramoan (10 returning)
• Season 27: Blood vs. Water (10 returning)
• * Season 31: Cambodia (20 returning)
• * Season 34: Game Changers (20 returning)
• Season 38: Edge of Extinction (4 returning)
• * Season 40: Winners at War (20 returning)
• Season 45: (untitled) (1 returning)
• * Season 50: In the Hands of the Fans (24 returning)

*** seasons with 100% returning contestants

Collection of facts about Czechoslovakia

This post is a collection of facts about Czechoslovakia (1918-1992). There are 10 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Gained independence from Austria-Hungary in 1918
• Lost the Sudetenland to Nazi Germany in 1938
• During World War II: Slovakia declared independence, Carpathian Ruthenia annexed by Hungary, Czech lands annexed by German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 
• Third Czechoslovak Republic formed in 1945
• Part of the Eastern Bloc from 1948 to 1989
• Joined Comecon in 1949
• Signed Warsaw Pact in 1955
• Prague Spring liberalization in 1968 followed by Soviet Union invasion
• Velvet Revolution overthrew communist government in 1989
• Split into two countries (Czech Republic and Slovakia) in 1992

Collection of facts about the British Raj

This post is a collection of facts about the British Raj (1858-1947). There are 14 facts list below. Source: Wikipedia

• United Kingdom rule of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh
• Preceded by the East India Company (EIC)
• Indian Rebellion of 1857 resulted in transfer from EIC to British Crown
• Indian National Congress founded in 1885
• Partition of Bengal (1905) divided Bengal into two provinces
• All-India Muslim League founded in 1906
• Lucknow Pact (1916) between Indian National Congress and Muslim League
• Rowlatt Act (1919) allowed arrests without a trial
• Jallianwala Bagh massacre in 1919
• Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1919) expanded Indian representation
• Non-cooperation movement (1920-1922)
• Government of India Act 1935 allowed independent legislative assemblies
• Quit India Movement (1942-1945)
• Succeeded by the partition of India (creation of India and Pakistan) in 1947

Collection of facts about the Spanish flu

This post is a collection of facts about the Spanish flu (1918-1920). There are 16 facts listed below.

• H1N1 subtype of the influenza A virus
• Indeterminate origin (newspapers misattributed epicenter to Spain)
• Began during the end of World War I
• Possibly began at an army camp in Étaples, France in 1916
• First recorded case in Haskell County, Kansas (January 1918)
• Conventionally began March 4th, 1918 at Camp Funston in Kansas
• Reached European ports in April 1918
• Reported in China in June 1918
• Second wave began in August 1918
• United States had 292,000 deaths between Sept - Dec 1918
• India had estimated 12 million deaths in 1918
• Third wave began in early 1919
• Fourth wave occurred late 1919 - early 1920
• Considered over by mid-1920
• Cases: 500 million (1/3 of the world population)
• Deaths: 17 - 100 million

Collection of facts about the July Revolution

This post is a collection of facts about the July Revolution (1830). There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Occurred July 26th - July 29th, 1830 (three days of riots)
• Preceded by July Ordinances ending the Chamber of Deputies, liberty of the press and excluding commercial middle class from elections
• Newspapers collectively agreed to not shut down
• Followed by three days of riots
• Tuileries Palace, the Louvre and Hôtel de Ville sacked on July 29th
• Charles X (Bourbon dynasty) was overthrown
• Louis Philippe I (Orléans dynasty) became King
• Hereditary right replaced with popular sovereignty
• Louis Philippe I later overthrown in 1848

Collection of facts about the Great Purge

This post is a collection of facts about the Great Purge (1936-1938). There are 10 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Political purge in the Soviet Union lead by Joseph Stalin
• Conducted by the NKVD (secret police of the USSR)
• NKVD lead by Genrikh Yagoda and Nikolai Yezhov
• Assassination of Sergei Kirov in 1934 led to show trials
• Removal of the 'Old Bolsheviks' within party leadership
• Removal of Red Army commanders
• Removal of the 'intelligentsia' (educated people) and wealthy peasants
• Dissenters sent to Gulag labor camps or killed
• Leon Trotsky later assassinated in 1940
• Total deaths: 700,000 to 1.2 million

Collection of facts about the Great Leap Forward

This post is a collection of facts about the Great Leap Forward (1958-1962). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Goal to industrialize China and establish state-operated communes
• Private farming banned
• 25,000 communes averaging 5,000 households each in 1958
• Enforced grain quotas and widespread misreporting
• China was a net exporter of grain during 1958-1960
• Infrastructure projects included bridges, railroads, canals, reservoirs
• Caused the Great Chinese Famine (1959-1961)
• Total deaths: 15 - 55 million

Collection of facts about the Wall Street crash of 1929

This post is a collection of facts about the Wall Street crash of 1929. There are 14 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Preceded by speculative boom in the 1920s
• Many retail investors borrowed money to buy shares
• DJIA 381.17 stock market peak on Sept 3rd, 1929
• 32.6 P/E ratio of S&P Composite stocks in Sept, 1929
• Stock market down 10% in Sept, 1929
• 4.6% decline on Oct 23rd, 1929
• 11% decline at opening bell on Oct 24th, 1929 (Black Thursday)
• DJIA recovered and closed down 2.09% on Oct 24th, 1929
• 12.82% decline on Oct 28th, 1929 (Black Monday)
• 11.73% decline on Oct 29th, 1929 (Black Tuesday)
• 12.34% gain on Oct 30th, 1929
• DJIA closed at 198.60 on Nov 13th, 1929
• DJIA recovered to 294.07 on April 17th, 1930
• DJIA fell to lowest level at 41.22 on July 8th, 1932 (89.2% loss from peak)

Collection of facts about the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

This post is a collection of facts about the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1945). There are 10 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Hiroshima bombed on August 6th, 1945 (Little Boy)
• Nagasaki bombed on August 9th, 1945 (Fat Man)
• Total deaths: 150,000 to 246,000 (half in the first day)
• 90% of deaths were civilians
• Preceded by air raids on 64 Japanese cities
• Allies considered invading mainland Japan
• Germany surrendered on May 8th, 1945
• Allies demanded Japanese surrender in Potsdam Declaration on July 26th, 1945
• Japan surrendered on August 15th, 1945
• Resulted in the end of World War II

Collection of facts about the Balfour Declaration

This post is a collection of facts about the Balfour Declaration (1917). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• British government issued public statement supporting the creation of a Jewish nation
• Proposed in Palestine, then part of the Ottoman Empire
• Signed by Arthur Balfour, the British foreign secretary
• Published November 9th, 1917
• Preceded by British committee established in 1915 to determine plan for the Ottoman Empire
• Preceded by Sykes-Picot Agreement for dividing the region in 1916
• Led to creation of the state of Israel in 1948

Collection of facts about the 1973 oil crisis

This post is a collection of facts about the 1973 oil crisis. There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Caused by the Yom Kippur War (Israel vs. Egypt, Syria)
• OAPEC implemented oil embargo on countries supporting Israel in October 1973
• Included Canada, Japan, Netherlands, United Kingdom, United States, Portugal, Rhodesia, South Africa
• Oil barrel price rose from $3 to $12 (300% increase)
• Central banks cut interest rates to promote economic growth
• Various gasoline rationing schemes implemented
• U.S. implemented 55 mph national maximum speed limit
• Israel withdrew troops from west side of Suez Canal in March 1974
• Embargo ended in March 1974

Collection of facts about Vikings

This post is a collection of facts about Vikings (8th - 11th centuries AD). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Seafaring people from Scandinavia
• Sailed to Mediterranean, North Africa, Middle East, Greenland, North America, Eastern Europe
• Spoke Old Norse and influenced English language
• Practiced Old Norse religion and later became Christians
• Known as Varangians in Eastern Europe
• Established Kievan Rus'
• Established Duchy of Normandy and descendants were Normans
• Provided security for the Byzantine emperor and later attacked Constantinople

Collection of facts about Bleeding Kansas

This post is a collection of facts about Bleeding Kansas (1854-1861). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Debate on slavery in the new state of Kansas
• Occurred in Kansas and Missouri
• Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 made slavery to be decided by popular vote by the state's settlers
• Fighting broke out as people claimed to be residents of Kansas
• Congressional investigation determined majority of settlers wanted Kansas to be a free state
• Kansas joined the Union in 1861
• Estimated 56 - 200 deaths
• Led to the American Civil War

Collection of facts about John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry

This post is a collection of facts about John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry (1859). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Occurred October 16-18, 1859
• John Brown raided an armory in Harpers Ferry, West Virginia
• Goal to initiate a slave revolt
• Led party of 22 men
• Defeated by U.S. Marines
• 10 raiders killed, 1 Marine killed, 7 executed afterwards, 5 escaped
• John Brown executed December 2, 1859
• Led to the American Civil War

Collection of Progressive Era issues

This post is a collection of Progressive Era issues in the United States (1890s - 1920s). There are 21 issues listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Child labor
• Direct election of senators
• Environmentalism and conservation
• Fair competition and trustbusting
• Food quality
• Immigration
• Infrastructure and roads
• Labor unions
• Maximum work hours
• Meatpacking industry
• Minimum wage
• National parks
• Political corruption
• Prohibition of alcohol
• Public education
• Race relations
• Sexual health
• Unsafe working conditions
• Urban poverty
• Wealth inequality
• Women's suffrage

Collection of facts about the Louisiana Purchase

This post is a collection of facts about the Louisiana Purchase (1803). There are 11 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• United States acquired Louisiana territory from France
• France controlled this territory 1682-1762 and 1800-1803
• Spanish control 1762-1800
• Authorized by Thomas Jefferson
• Land west of the Mississippi River
• Included parts of Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota, Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, Saskatchewan, Alberta
• 828,000 square miles
• 26% of the contiguous United States
• Exchanged for $15 million
• Western borders settled in the Adams-Onís Treaty (1819) with Spain
• Northern borders settled in the Treaty of 1818 with Britain

Collection of facts about the Republic of Texas

This post is a collection of facts about the Republic of Texas (1836-1846). There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Disputed territory included parts of Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Texas, Wyoming
• Mexico introduced new constitution abolishing state authority in 1835
• Lead to the Texas Revolution in 1835
• Texas declared independence from Mexico in 1836
• David G. Burnet served as interim President
• Sam Houston served as first President (1836-1838)
• Fought in the Comanche Wars
• Annexed by the United States in 1945
• Led to the Mexican-American War

Collection of facts about the Whig Party in the United States

This post is a collection of facts about the Whig party (1833-1854) in the United States. There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Four Whig presidents: William Henry Harrison (1841), John Tyler (1841-1845), Zachary Taylor (1949-1850), Millard Fillmore (1850-1853)
• Against territorial expansion westward
• Supported tariffs, infrastructure subsidies, national bank
• Opposed Andrew Jackson
• Henry Clay lost 1844 presidential election to James K. Polk
• Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 lead to Whig decline
• Anti-slavery Whigs joined the Republican Party
• Pro-slavery Whigs joined the Democrat Party

Collection of facts about the Paris Commune

This post is a collection of facts about the Paris Commune (1871). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• French revolutionaries seized power in parts of Paris
• Lasted March 18th - May 28th
• Preceded by the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War
• Policies included closure of all Catholic churches, self-policing, rent reduction, worker controlled enterprises
• French army invaded May 21st and recaptured Paris
• Between 10,000 to 20,000 Communards killed
• 43,522 Communards taken as prisoners
• 13,500 found guilty and 95 executed

Collection of facts about the Hungarian Revolution of 1848

This post is a collection of facts about Hungarian Revolution of 1848. There are 10 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Hungary implemented democratic parliamentary elections in April 1848
• Austrian leader Franz Joseph I revoked the new democratic laws
• Resulted in fall of Lajos Batthyány pacifist government
• Lajos Kossuth's followers demanded independence from Habsburg dynasty
• Serb Uprising (1848-1849)
• Slovak Uprising (1848-1849)
• Transylvania massacres (1848-1849)
• Russia sent forces to suppress the revolution in 1849
• Hungarian rebel generals and Lajos Batthyány executed
• Habsburg power reinstated and revolution defeated

Collection of facts about the Peninsular War

This post is a collection of facts about the Peninsular War (1808-1814). There are 11 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• France vs. Spain, Portugal, United Kingdom
• Part of the Napoleonic Wars
• France and Spain invaded Portugal in 1807
• France occupied Spain in 1808
• Ferdinand VII and Charles IV abdicated
• Joseph Bonaparte ruled Spain and implemented Bayonne Constitution
• Spanish victory at Battle of Bailén (1808)
• France reconstituted occupying government in Cádiz in 1810
• Spanish Constitution of 1812 implemented
• Allied victory at Battle of Vitoria (1813)
• French forces withdrew from Spain during winter of 1813-1814

Collection of facts about the Finnish Civil War

This post is a collection of facts about the Finnish Civil War (1918). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• White Finland vs. Red Finland (Finnish Socialist Worker's Republic)
• Preceded by World War I and collapse of the Russian Empire
• Previously ruled by Russia and led to a power vacuum in Finland
• White Finland supported by Germany
• Red Finland supported by Russia
• Victory for White Finland
• Resulted in democratic and sovereign Finland
• Total deaths: about 38,000

Collection of facts about the Weimar Republic

This post is a collection of facts about the Weimar Republic (1918-1933). There are 17 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Capital: Weimar, Germany
• Constitutional republic with constituent assembly
• Formed after the First World World
• Treaty of Versailles (1919)
• Liable for 132 billion Reichsmarks worth of gold or commodities
• Kapp Putsch coup attempt led by Wolfgang Kapp in 1920
• Beer Hall Putsch coup attempt led by Adolf Hitler in 1923
• Hyperinflation of the Reichsmark (1921-1923)
• Reichsmark replaced by Rentenmark in November 1923
• Joined League of Nations in 1926
• High unemployment from the Great Depression
• Rule by decree began in 1930
• Nazi Party won 37.3% of the general election vote in 1932
• Paul von Hindenburg appointed Adolf Hitler as chancellor in January 1933
• Reichstag Fire in February 1933
• Ended with the Enabling Act in March 1933
• Succeeded by Nazi Germany

Collection of facts about the Estado Novo

This post is a collection of facts about the Estado Novo (1933-1974). There are 12 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Authoritarian Portuguese state
• Preceded by Ditadura Nacional and the coup d'état of 28 May 1926
• António de Oliveira Salazar was President of the Council of Ministers (1932-1968)
• Retained colonial territories in Angola and Mozambique
• Co-founded Organization for European Economic Co-operation in 1948
• Co-founded North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949
• Joined European Free Trade Association in 1960
• Joined General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade in 1962
• Marcelo Caetano succeeded Salazar in 1968
• Free trade agreement with European Economic Community in 1972
• Averaged 5.7% annual growth in GDP per capita
• Ended with the Carnation Revolution in 1974

Collection of facts about the Greek War of Independence

This post is a collection of facts about the Greek War of Independence (1821-1829). There are 13 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Greece vs. Ottoman Empire
• Filiki Eteria secretly formed in 1814
• Insurrection planned for March 25th, 1821 but was discovered early
• Revolt began February 1821 in Danubian Principalities
• Uprising spread to Peloponnese, Crete and Macedonia
• Greece captured Tripolitsa in September 1821
• Ottoman navy fought Greek fleet in Aegean Sea
• Greek civil wars (1823-1825)
• Eyalet of Egypt (Ottoman vassal) invaded Greece in 1825
• British, French and Russian forces arrived in 1827
• Battle of Navarino in 1827
• Egyptian forces withdrew in 1828
• Greece recognized as independent in 1830

Collection of facts about the Irish War of Independence

This post is a collection of facts about the Irish War of Independence (1919-1921). There are 11 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Irish Republic vs. United Kingdom
• Preceded by Easter Rising in 1916
• Sinn Féin party won in Ireland during 1918 U.K. general election 
• Ireland declared independence in January 1919
• Dáil Éireann government established
• Bloody Sunday on November 21st, 1920
• Ireland partitioned in May 1921 and U.K. retained Northern Ireland
• Anglo-Irish Treaty signed December 1921
• Irish Free State created December 1922
• About 2,300 deaths
• Followed by the Irish Civil War

Bainbridge Baseball fantasy baseball history

This post has Bainbridge Baseball fantasy baseball history. There have been two keeper leagues: 2005-2007 and 2012-2014. There are 20 seasons listed below.

Regular season champions

2005: Jordan Gaphni

2006: Alex Peek

2007: Alex Peek

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2008: Brendan Gawlowski

2009: Ross Olason

2010: Brendan Gawlowski

2011: Jake Sousa

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2012: James Coatsworth

2013: Ross Olason

2014: James Coatsworth

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2015: Jordan Gaphni

2016: Tanner Bogardus

2017: Brendan Gawlowski

2018: Tom Eberlin

2019: Brendan Gawlowski

2020: (cancelled)

2021: Sierra Gawlowski

2022: Ross Olason

2023: Kyle Kuhn

2024: Kyle Kuhn

2025: Ross Olason

Playoff champions

2005: Brendan Gawlowski

2006: Ross Olason

2007: Jordan Gaphni

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2008: (roto season)

2009: Ross Olason

2010: Ross Olason

2011: Ross Olason

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2012: James Coatsworth

2013: James Coatsworth

2014: Brendan Gawlowski

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2015: Brendan Gawlowski

2016: Tom Eberlin

2017: Brendan Gawlowski

2018: Ross Olason

2019: Brendan Gawlowski

2020: (cancelled)

2021: Tom Eberlin

2022: Ross Olason

2023: Ross Olason

2024: Ross Olason

2025: Ross Olason

Totals

Ross Olason: 4 regular season, 9 playoff

Brendan Gawlowski: 4 regular season, 5 playoff

James Coatsworth: 2 regular season, 2 playoff 

Jordan Gaphni: 2 regular season, 1 playoff

Tom Eberlin: 1 regular season, 2 playoff

Alex Peek: 2 regular season, 0 playoff

Kyle Kuhn: 2 regular season, 0 playoff

Sierra Gawlowski: 1 regular season, 0 playoff

Tanner Bogardus: 1 regular season, 0 playoff

Jake Sousa: 1 regular season, 0 playoffs

Collection of facts about the Timurid Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Timurid Empire (1370-1507). There are 11 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Based in modern-day Iran
• Extended to Iraq, Afghanistan, Central Asia, South Caucasus, Pakistan, North India, Turkey
• Founded by Timur (r. 1370-1405) from the Turco-Mongol Barlas tribe
• Fought Kingdom of Georgia
• Fought Golden Horde (1394-1395)
• Destroyed Baghdad in 1401
• Defeated Ottoman Empire in 1402
• Lost territory to Aq Qoyunlu
• Fall of Samarkand in 1505
• Fall of Herat (capital) in 1507
• Timur's descendant, Babur founded the Mughal Empire in 1526

Collection of facts about the Seljuk Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Seljuk Empire (1037-1194). There are 12 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Based in modern-day Iran
• Extended Anatolia, Levant, Central Asia, Persian Gulf, Hindu Kush
• Ruled by Qïnïq branch of Oghuz Turks
• Founded by Tughril and Chaghri
• Fought in the Byzantine-Seljuk wars
• Fought in Georgian-Seljuk wars
• Battle of Manzikert (1071)
• First Crusade (1095-1099)
• Second Crusade (1147-1149)
• Defeated by vassal state Kara-Khanid Khanate  in 1141
• Conquered by Khwarazmian Empire in 1194
• Sultanate of Rum (last Seljuk sultanate) fell in 1308

List of African history posts

This post is a list of African history posts for this blog. There are 17 posts listed below by topic and chronologically by historical date or post date.

    Civilizations, empires, nations (8)

• Carthage (814 - 146 BC)
• Kingdom of Kush (780 BC - 350 AD)
• Kingdom of Aksum (1st century - 960 AD)
• Ghana Empire (300 AD - 13th century)
• Mali Empire (1235-1610)
• Songhai Empire (1430-1591)
• Oyo Empire (1570-1836)
• Asante Empire (1701-1902)

    Miscellaneous

1. Collection of facts about the Ethiopian Civil War
2. Collection of facts about the Nigerian Civil War
3. Collection of facts about the Anglo-Zulu War
4. Collection of facts about the Second Boer War
5. Collection of facts about the Algerian War
6. Collection of facts about the Rwandan genocide
7. Collection of facts about the Angolan Civil War
8. Collection of facts about the Second Congo War
9. Collection of facts about the Second Italo-Ethiopian War

Collection of facts about the Asante Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Asante Empire (1701-1902). There are 16 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Based in modern-day Ghana
• Conquered Denkyira and gained independence in 1701
• Fought Twifo (1712-1715)
• Fought Aowin, Nzima and Wassa (1721-1722)
• Conquered Bono in 1722
• Fought Akyem in 1742
• Ashanti-Fante War (1806-1807)
• Ga-Fante War (1811)
• Ashanti-Akim-Akwapim War (1814-1816)
• Annexed Fante Confederacy (1816)
• First Anglo-Ashanti War (1823-1831)
• Second Anglo-Ashanti War (1863-1864)
• Third Anglo-Ashanti War (1873-1874)
• Fourth Anglo-Ashanti War (1895-1896)
• War of the Golden Stool (1900)
• Annexed by British Gold Coast colony in 1902

Collection of facts about the Oyo Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Oyo Empire (c. 1570-1836). There are 10 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Based in West Africa (Nigeria, Benin)
• Preceded by Ife Empire
• Yoruba language
• Oranmiyan was first king of Oyo (c. 13th - 14th century)
• Occupied by Nupe people (c. 1535)
• Failed to conquer Benin Kingdom c. 1578-1608
• Invaded the Kingdom of Dahomey 1728-1748
• Defeated invading Ashanti Empire in 1764
• Dahomey Revolt in 1823
• Ilorin destroyed Oyo-Ile (capital) in 1835

Collection of facts about the Kingdom of Aksum

This post is a collection of facts about the Kingdom of Aksum (1st century - 960 AD). There are 10 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Based in East Africa (northern Ethiopia, eastern Sudan, Eritrea, Yemen)
• Preceded by D'mt civilization
• Capital: Axum (moved to Kubar in 9th century AD)
• Expanded under Gedara (c. 200 - 230 AD)
• Influenced by Greco-Roman culture
• Adopted Christianity in 4th century AD
• Conquered Kingdom of Kush in 330 AD
• Invaded Himyarite Kingdom in (6th century AD)
• Defeated in Aksumite-Persian wars (570 - 578 AD)
• Disputed invasion by Gudit in 960 AD

Collection of facts about the Ghana Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Ghana Empire (c. 300 AD - 13th century). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Based in West Africa
• Regarded as wealthy by 8th century AD
• Trade routes with Egypt and North Africa
• Possibly conquered by Almoravid dynasty c. 1076
• Converted to Islam c. 1076
• Conquered by Sosso Empire in 1203
• Became a vasal of the Mali Empire c. 1235

Collection of facts about the Kingdom of Kush

This post is a collection of facts about the Kingdom of Kush (c. 780 BC - 350 AD). There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Based in Nubia and Nile Valley (modern-day Sudan, Egypt)
• Preceded by Kerma city-state (2450 - 1450 BC) and the New Kingdom of Egypt (1550 - 1070 BC)
• King Kashta became King of Upper Egypt (8th century BC)
• Piye invaded Lower Egypt and established the 25th Dynasty
• Kush ruled Egypt until Assyrian invasion in 7th century BC
• Meroë became the capital in 591 BC
• Northern Nubia occupied by Ptolemaic Kingdom and Roman Empire (3rd century BC - 3rd century AD)
• Invaded by Noba people in 4th century AD
• Meroë captured by Kingdom of Aksum

Collection of facts about the Mali Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Mali Empire (c. 1235 - 1610). There are 12 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Based in West Africa
• Preceded by Ghana Empire and Sosso Empire
• Founded by Sundiata Keita
• Conquest of Sosso in 1235
• Sakura led military coup in 1285
• Mansa Musa ruled 1312-1337
• Timbuktu annexed in 1324
• Mansa Musa pilgrimage to Mecca (1324-1326)
• Lost control of Timbuktu (1433-1434)
• Invaded by Songhai Empire in 1542
• Defeat at Battle of Jenné in 1599
• Empire dissolved and split between sons of Mahmud Keita IV in 1610

Collection of facts about the Golden Horde

This post is a collection of facts about the Golden Horde (c. 1225-1502). There are 16 facts listed below). Source: Wikipedia

• Originally khanate in northwestern part of the Mongol Empire
• Gained independence in 1259
• Initially ruled by Jochi in 1225
• Blue Horde founded by Batu Khan
• White Horde founded by Orda Khan
• Toluid Civil War (1260-1264)
• Berke-Hulagu War (1262-1266)
• Great Troubles (1359-1381)
• Blue Horde and White Horde reunited in 1379
• Tokhtamysh ruled 1379-1395
• Invaded by the Timurid Empire in 1396
• Became the Great Horde in 1466
• Great Stand on the Ugra River in 1480
• Sarai (capital) sacked by the Crimean Khanate in 1502
• Crimean Khanate survived until 1783
• Kazakh Khanate survived until 1847

Collection of facts about the Goths

This post is a collection of facts about the Goths. There are 11 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Germanic people
• Originally based in Ukraine, Moldova, Romania
• Associated with Chernyakhov culture
• Pushed westward by Alans and Huns
• Raids on the Roman Empire
• Battle of Abritus (251 AD)
• Battle of Adrianople in 378 AD
• Multiple Gothic Wars
• Visigoths and Alaric I sacked Rome in 410 AD
• Ostrogothic Kingdom formed in 493 AD
• Crimean Goths remained around the Black Sea

Collection of facts about the Minoan civilization

This post is a collection of facts about the Minoan civilization (c. 3100 - 1100 BC). There are 6 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Based on Crete
• Sites at Knossos and Phaistos
• Known for palaces, frescos, pottery and seals
• Used Cretan hieroglyphs and Linear A
• Eruption of Thera (c. 1600)
• Succeeded by Mycenaean Greece

Collection of facts about the Inca Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Inca Empire (1438-1572). There are 11 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Based in present-day Peru and Andean Mountains
• Extended to Chile, west Ecuador, south Bolivia, northwest Argentina
• Capital: Cusco
• Languages: Quechua, Aymara, Puquina, Mochica
• Preceded by Kingdom of Cusco, Tiwanaku Empire, Wari Empire
• Pachacuti reorganized the government of Kingdom of Cusco in 1438
• Fought the Kingdom of Chimor
• Inca Civil War (1529-1532)
• First encounter with Europeans in 1524
• Spanish Empire invaded Inca Empire in 1532
• Last Inca state conquered in 1572

Collection of facts about the Aztec Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Aztec Empire (1428-1521). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Based in the Valley of Mexico
• Preceded by civil war involving Azcapotzalco
• Alliance of Mexico-Tenochtitlan, Tetzcoco, Tlacopan
• Founded by Itzcoatl (r. 1427-1440)
• Organized around city-states
• Fought the Purépecha Empire multiple times
• Conquered by Spanish Empire in 1521

Collection of facts about the Maya civilization

This post is a collection of facts about the Maya civilization (c. 2000 BC - 1697 AD). There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Based in the Maya Region (Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, western Honduras, western El Salvador)
• Over 6 million descendants today
• First Maya cities emerged around 750 BC
• Sites at Tikal, Calakmul, Teotihuacan and Chichen Itza
• Built pyramid-temples
• Maya script writing system
• Practiced human sacrifice
• Spanish Empire colonized Mesoamerica in the 16th century
• Fall of Nojpetén (last Maya city) in 1697

Collection of facts about the Olmecs

This post is a collection of facts about the Olmecs (c. 1200 - 400 BC). There are 6 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Based on modern-day Veracruz and Tabasco (Mexico)
• Sites at San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán and La Venta
• Stone colossal head artwork
• Played Mesoamerican ballgame
• Great Pyramid built at La Venta
• Cascajal Block writing

Collection of facts about the Mughal Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Mughal Empire (c. 1526-1857). There are 15 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Based in South Asia
• Indus River in the west, northern Afghanistan in the northwest, Kashmir in the north, Bangladesh in the east, Deccan Plateau in the south
• Founded by Babur
• First Battle of Panipat (1526)
• Mughal-Afghan Wars (1526-1752)
• Mughal Interregnum (1540-1555)
• Akbar reigned 1556-1605
• Second Battle of Panipat (1556)
• Taj Mahal commissioned by Shah Jahan (r. 1628-1658)
• Deccan wars (1680-1707)
• Nader Shah's invasion of India (1738-1740)
• Third Battle of Panipat (1761)
• Indian Rebellion of 1857
• Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar exiled (1858)
• Succeeded by the British Raj

Collection of facts about the Maurya Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Maurya Empire (c. 320 - 185 BC). There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Based in South Asia
• Founded by Chandragupta Maurya
• Nanda-Mauryan War (c. 320 BC)
• Conquest of Greek satrapies (317 - 313 BC)
• Seleucid-Mauryan War (305 - 303 BC)
• Kalinga War (261 BC)
• Ashoka reigned c. 268 - 232 BC
• Ashoka embraced Buddhism
• Brihadratha assassinated in 185 BC

Collection of facts about the Indus Valley Civilization

This post is a collection of facts about the Indus Valley Civilization (c. 3300 - 1300 BC). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Based in northwestern South Asia
• Modern-day Pakistan, northwestern India, northeastern Afghanistan
• Alluvial plains of the Indus River
• Associated Harappa site and Harappan culture
• Elaborate urban planning, water supply systems, metallurgy
• Indus script is undeciphered today
• Possible relation to Dravidian or Elamo-Dravidian language family

Collection of facts about the Gupta Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Gupta Empire (c. 240 - 579 AD). There are 12 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Based in northern India
• Founded by Gupta (king)
• Coincided with Pax Gupta
• Canonization of Mahabharata and Ramayana
• Puranas written in texts
• Samudragupta reigned c. 335 - 375 AD
• Gupta-Saka Wars (c. 375 - 385 AD)
• Chandragupta II reigned c. 380 - 415 AD
• Gupta-Kidarite Conflicts (c. 390 - 450 AD)
• Kumaragupta I reigned c. 415 - 455 AD
• Gupta-Hunnic Wars (c. 460 - 500AD)
• Invaded by Alchon Huns late 490s AD

Collection of facts about the Great Famine

This post is a collection of facts about the Great Famine (1845-1852). There are 6 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Caused by inflection of potato crops and single-crop dependence
• Estimated 1 million deaths in Ireland
• Over 2.1 million people fled Ireland
• Estimated 100,000 deaths outside of Ireland
• British Whig government ended famine relief to Ireland
• Food exported out of Ireland and Britain refused to ban exports

Collection of facts about the Sino-Burmese War

This post is a collection of facts about the Sino-Burmese War (1765-1769). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• China (Qing dynasty) vs. Burma (Konbaung dynasty)
• China invaded Burma four times
• First two invasions defeated at the border
• Third invasion almost reached the capital Ava and was defeated
• Fourth invasion defeated at the border
• Truce established in 1769
• Burma retained independence
• Diplomatic relationship resumed in 1790

Collection of facts about the Second Italo-Ethiopian War

This post is a collection of facts about the Second Italo-Ethiopian War (1935-1937). There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Italy attacked Ethiopia simultaneously from Eritrea and Somalia in 1935
• Aksum was invaded and an obelisk was stolen
• Italian air force dropped 330 tons of mustard gas
• Nazi Germany sent arms to Ethiopia due to Italy's objection to Germany annexing Austria
• Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie fled in 1936
• Italy annexed Ethiopia in 1936
• Eritrea, Italian Somaliland and Ethiopia merged into Italian East Africa
• Yekatit 12 massacre in 1937
• Estimated 120,000 to 200,000 civilian deaths

Collection of facts about the Second Congo War

This post is a collection of facts about the Second Congo War (1998-2003). There are 11 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Democratic Republic Congo, Angola, Chad, Namibia, Zimbabwe vs. Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi
• Preceded by the First Congo War (1996-1997)
• Operation Kitona (1998) aimed to remove Laurent-Désiré Kabila from power
• Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement in 1999
• Six Day War (2000)
• Laurent-Désiré Kabila assassinated in 2001 and replaced by son Joseph Kaliba
• Pygmy genocide (2002-2003)
• Rwanda withdraws troops in the Pretoria Accord (2002)
• Ended with establishment of the Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2003
• Estimated 5.4 million deaths
• Followed by the Kivu conflict and ongoing Ituri conflict

Collection of facts about the Angolan Civil War

This post is a collection of facts about the Angolan Civil War (1975-2002). There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) vs. National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA)
• Preceded by gaining independence from Portugal in 1975
• Soviet Union supported the MPLA while the United States supported UNITA
• MPLA ousted the FNLA government in 1975
• Battle of Cuito Cuanavale (1987-1988)
• UNITA leader Jonas Savimbi killed in 2002
• MPLA and UNITA agree to a cease-fire in 2002
• Estimated 500,000 to 800,000 deaths
• Over 4 million people displaced

Collection of facts about the Rwandan genocide

This post is a collection of facts about the Rwandan genocide (1994). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Preceded by Rwandan Hutu Revolution (1959-1962)
• Part of the Rwandan Civil War (1990-1994)
• President Juvénal Habyarimana assassinated in 1994
• Tutsi ethic group members killed by Hutu militias
• Ended when Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) defeated government forces
• Hutus fled to Zaire and led to the First Congo War in 1996
• Estimated 500,000 to 662,000 deaths
• Lasted about 100 days

Collection of facts about the Algerian War

This post is a collection of facts about the Algerian War (1954-1962). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• France vs. Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN)
• Toussaint Rouge attacks on November 1st, 1954
• Philippeville massacre in 1955
• Battle of Algiers (1956-1957)
• Charles de Gaulle began negotiations with FLN
• Évian Accords approved by referendum in 1962
• Algeria gained independence in 1962
• Estimated 400,000 to 1.5 million Algerian deaths

Collection of facts about the Second Boer War

This post is a collection of facts about the Second Boer War (1899-1902). There are 11 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• United Kingdom vs. Boer republics (South African Republic, Orange Free State)
• Preceded by Witwatersrand Gold Rush and British from Cape Colony moving to South African Republic
• Failed negotiations at the Bloemfontein Conference in 1899
• Boers attacked Cape Colony in 1899
• U.K. sent 180,000 troops to invade the Boer republics in 1900
• South African Republic and Orange Free State annexed by U.K. in 1900
• Boer republics responded with a guerrilla campaign
• Over 100,000 Boer civilians sent to concentration camps
• Ended with the Treaty of Vereeniging in 1902
• Resulted in British war crimes trial
• Union of South Africa formed in 1910

Collection of facts about the Anglo-Zulu War

This post is a collection of facts about the Anglo-Zulu War (1879). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• United Kingdom vs. Zulu Kingdom
• Occurred in present-day South Africa
• U.K. sent an ultimatum to Zulu Kingdom in 1878
• Zulu leaders rejected the ultimatum
• Battle of Isandlwana (1879)
• Battle of Rorke's Drift (1879)
• Battle of Ulundi (1879)
• Zulu Kingdom annexed in 1887

Collection of facts about the Nigerian Civil War

This post is a collection of facts about the Nigerian Civil War (1967-1970). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Nigeria vs. Biafra
• Preceded by U.K. decolonization from 1960 to 1963
• Also preceded by 1966 coup d'état and anti-Igbo pogroms
• Biafra declared independence from Nigeria in 1967
• Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu led Biafra
• Nigerian government imposed a blockade on Biafra
• Biafra surrendered in 1970 and Nigeria reunited
• Estimated 500,000 to 2 million deaths from starvation

Collection of facts about the Ethiopian Civil War

This post is a collection of facts about the Ethiopian Civil War (1974-1991). There are 10 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Derg vs. rebels (TPLF, EPLF, etc.)
• Haile Selassie overthrown by Derg in a coup d'état in 1974
• Derg established Marxist-Leninist state
• Soviet Union supported the Derg
• Red Terror began in 1976 and killed 30,000 to 750,000 people
• Ethiopian famine of 1983-1985
• Derg ended its military junta in 1987
• EPRDF invaded the capital in 1991 and President Mengistu Haile Mariam fled
• TPLF led the new Transitional Government of Ethiopia
• At least 1.4 million people killed including 1 million from famine

Collection of facts about the Troubles

This post is a collection of facts about the Troubles (late 1960s - 1998). There are 12 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Conflict over status Northern Ireland
• Loyalists wanted to remain part of the United Kingdom
• Republicans wanted to leave United Kingdom and join Ireland
• Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association led initial protests
• British troops deployed during the August 1969 riots
• 13 unarmed people killed during Bloody Sunday in 1972
• Republican paramilitaries: IRA and INLA
• Loyalist paramilitaries: UVF and UDA
• Republicans conducted guerrilla campaign and bombings
• Over 3,500 people killed
• Ended with the Good Friday Agreement in 1998
• Resulted in self-government based on power sharing

Collection of facts about the Polish-Soviet War

This post is a collection of facts about the Polish-Soviet War (1919-1921). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Preceded by World War I, Russian Revolution and Polish-Ukrainian War
• Russia expanded westward and annulled the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
• Poland aimed to restore pre-1722 borders
• Kiev offensive launched in 1920
• Polish victory at the Battle of Warsaw in 1920
• Ended with the Peace of Riga in 1921
• Border established about 200 km east of the Curzon Line

Collection of facts about the Turkish War of Independence

This post is a collection of facts about the Turkish War of Independence (1919-1922). There are 10 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Turkey vs. Greece, Britain, France, Armenia
• Preceded by Ottoman Empire defeat in World War I
• Mustafa Kemal established a nationalist government
• Allies pressured the Ottoman Empire to suspend the Constitution and Parliament
• Turkey fought France in southern Anatolia
• Turkey invaded Armenia in 1920
• Turkey fought Greece in western Anatolia
• Ended with the Armistice of Mundanya in 1922
• Resulted in the end of the Ottoman Empire
• Republic of Turkey declared in 1923

Collection of facts about the Russo-Japanese War

This post is a collection of facts about the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Conflict over Manchuria and Korea
• Preceded by the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)
• Russia rejected Japan's influence over Korea
• Japan attacked Port Arthur in 1904
• Combat on the Liaodong Peninsula and Mukden
• Naval combat in Yellow Sea and Sea of Japan
• Ended with the Treaty of Portsmouth in 1905
• Japan gains Port Arthur, Dalniy, southern Sakhalin and South Manchuria Railway

Collection of facts about the Philippine-American War

This post is a collection of facts about the Philippine-American War (1899-1902). There are 12 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• United States annexed the Philippines in 1898 after the Spanish-American War
• Philippine nationalists proclaimed independence in 1898
• First Philippine Republic established in 1899
• Battle of Manila in 1899
• Philippine forces engaged in guerilla tactics
• Filipino civilians sent to concentration camps
• Estimated 200,000 - 250,000 civilian deaths
• Philippine President Emilio Aguinaldo captured in 1901
• Fighting continued after the end of the war in 1902
• Moro Rebellion (1902-1913)
• Commonwealth of the Philippines established in 1934
• Philippines gained independence in 1946

Collection of facts about the War of the Pacific

This post is a collection of facts about the War of the Pacific (1879-1883). There are 11 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Chile vs. Bolivia, Peru
• Dispute over coastal territory in the Atacama Desert
• Also nitrate taxation dispute
• Chile invaded Bolivian port of Antofagasta in 1879
• Began with significant naval combat followed by land campaigns
• Bolivia withdrew in 1880
• Chile captured Peru's capital Lima in 1881
• Ended with Treaty of Ancón in 1883
• Armistice treaty between Chile and Bolivia in 1884
• Chile gained Tarapacá, Litoral, Tacna and Arica
• Bolivia became landlocked

Collection of facts about the Persian Constitutional Revolution

This post is a collection of facts about the Constitutional Revolution (1905-1911). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar signed the 1906 constitution
• Established the Iranian parliament
• Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar abolished the constitution
• Parliament bombarded in 1908
• Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar removed from power
• Triumph of Tehran in 1909
• Constitution re-established in 1909
• Deputies of the Second Majlis removed from parliament in 1911

Collection of facts about the Italian Wars

This post is a collection of facts about the Italian Wars (1494-1559). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• France, England, Ottoman Empire vs. Holy Roman Empire, Spain
• Italian States fought on both sides
• Preceded by Italic League collapse in 1492
• France invaded Naples in 1494
• France invaded Lombardy and Piedmont in 1503
• Ended with the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis in 1559
• France gained Calais and Three Bishoprics
• Spain gained Naples, Sicily and Milan

Collection of facts about the Mexican-American War

This post is a collection of facts about the Mexican-American War (1846-1848). There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Preceded by the American annexation of Texas in 1845
• Mexico refused to recognize the Treaties of Velasco (1836)
• Texas was an independent country (1836-1845)
• President James K. Polk campaigned on U.S. expansion in 1844
• United States invaded Mexico in 1846
• Mexico City captured in 1847
• Ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848
• Mexico recognized cession of Texas, California, Nevada, Utah and parts of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico and Wyoming
• Rio Grande recognized as the border between Mexico and the United States

Collection of facts about the Great Turkish War

This post is a collection of facts about the Great Turkish War (1683-1699). There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Ottoman Empire vs. Holy Roman Empire, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Russia, Venice, Hungary
• Mostly concurrent with the Nine Years' War (1688-1697)
• Battle of Vienna (1683)
• Siege of Buda (1686)
• Holy League captured Belgrade (1688)
• Ottoman Empire retook Belgrade (1690)
• Battle of Zenta (1697)
• Ended with Treaty of Karlowitz (1699)
• Ottoman Empire lost territory in Hungary, Transylvnia, Slavonia, Croatia, Podolia, Balkans

Collection of facts about the Iran-Iraq War

This post is a collection of facts about the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Preceded by the Iranian Revolution in 1979
• Saddam Hussain wanted to prevent Iranian ideology from spreading
• Border dispute over Shatt al-Arab river
• Iraq invaded Iran in 1980
• Iran invaded Iraq in 1982
• Stalemate by 1988
• Ended with the United Nations Security Council Resolution 598
• Estimated 500,000 casualties

Collection of facts about the War of the Spanish Succession

This post is collection of facts about the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Caused by death of Charles II of Spain without children in 1700
• Pro-Bourbon vs. Pro-Habsburg
• Philip V supported by Louis XIV of France
• Archduke Charles of Austria supported by Holy Roman Empire, Great Britain
• Philip V became king of Spain in 1700
• Ended with Peace of Utrecht, Treaty of Rastatt and Treaty of Baden
• Philip V remained king but renounced his claim to the French succession line
• Spain ceded Italian territories and Spanish Netherlands

Collection of facts about the War of the Austrian Succession

This post is a collection of facts about the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• France, Prussia, Bavaria vs. Austria, Great Britain, Dutch Republic, Hanover
• Caused by Maria Theresa's right to inherit Austria
• First Silesian War (1740-1742)
• Second Silesian War (1744-1745)
• Ended with Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) confirming Maria Theresa
• Austria ceded Silesia to Prussia
• Led to the Seven Years' War in 1756

List of Nintendo 64 games developed by Rare

This post is a list of Nintendo 64 games developed by Rare. There are 11 games listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Killer Instinct (1996)
• Blast Corps (1997)
• GoldenEye 007 (1997)
• Diddy Kong Racing (1997)
• Banjo-Kazooie (1998)
• Jet Force Gemini (1999)
• Donkey Kong 64 (1999)
• Perfect Dark (2000)
• Mickey's Speedway USA (2000)
• Banjo-Tooie (2000)
• Conker's Bad Fur Day (2001)

Collection of facts about the Cretan War

This post is a collection of facts about the Cretan War (1645-1669). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Ottoman Empire vs. Republic of Venice
• Conflict over the island of Crete
• Previously Venice's largest overseas possession
• Crete was conquered by the Ottoman Empire
• Venice attempted a naval blockade on Crete
• Siege of Candia (1648-1669)
• Peace treaty signed after the surrender of Candia
• Crete controlled by Ottoman Empire until 1897

Collection of facts about the Livonian War

This post is a collection of facts about the Livonian War (1558-1583). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Russia vs. Denmark-Norway, Sweden, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
• Conflict over present-day Estonia and Latvia
• Russia controlled the region 1558 to 1578
• Battle of Wenden (1577-1578)
• Swedish Estonia established
• Denmark-Norway purchased Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek
• Ended with the Truce of Jam Zapolski and Truce of Plussa
• Russia lost control of Livonia, Polotsk, Ingria

Collection of facts about the Great Northern War

This post is a collection of facts about the Great Northern War (1700-1721). There are 6 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Sweden vs. Russia, Denmark-Norway, Saxony-Poland-Lithuania
• Swedish Army led by Charles XII
• Battle of Poltava in 1709
• Ended with Treaties of Stockholm, Treaty of Frederiksborg, Treaty of of Nystad
• Sweden lost Baltic provinces and part of Swedish Pomerania
• Over 1,000,000 deaths

Collection of facts about the Hussite Wars

This post is a collection of facts about the Hussite Wars (1419-1434). There are 6 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Hussites vs. Catholic forces (Holy Roman Empire, Papacy)
• Jan Hus excommunicated by the Catholic Church in 1415
• Sigismund launched a crusade against the Hussites
• Jan Žižka lead the Hussite army
• Moderate Utraquist faction defeated radical Taborite faction in 1434
• Ended when moderate Hussites submitted to authority of the King of Bohemia and Catholic Church

Collection of facts about the East-West Schism

This post is a collection of facts about the East-West Schism (1054). There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Break between Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church
• Disputes: procession of the Holy Spirit, leavened or unleavened bread, iconoclasm, coronation of Charlemagne, papal supremacy, and See of Constantinople
• Patriarch Michael I Cerularius closed Latin churches in Constantinople
• Leo IX denied Cerularius the title 'ecumenical patriarch'
• Cerularius refused and was excommunicated by Leo IX
• Massacre of the Latins in 1182
• Sack of Thessalonica in 1185
• Siege of Constantinople and Fourth Crusade in 1204
• Schism continues to present day

Collection of facts about the Black Death

This post is a collection of facts about the Black Death (1346-1353). There are 5 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Plague pandemic in Europe
• Spread through the air and by fleas
• 25,000,000 to 50,000,000 deaths (30-60% of Europe's population)
• Possibly introduced to Europe during Siege of Caffa in Crimea and carried back by fleas on ships sailing through the Mediterranean Sea
• Known as second plague pandemic (first was plague of Justinian in 541 - 549 AD)

Collection of facts about the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period

This post is a collection of facts about the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (907 - 979 AD). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Five Dynasties ruled in succession in the Central Plain
• Ten Kingdoms established
• Near-constant warfare
• Fall of the Tang dynasty in 907 AD
• Song dynasty founded in 960 AD
• Led to Song dynasty rule of South China
• Led to Liao and Jin rule in North China

Collection of facts about the Warring States period

This post is a collection of facts about the Warring States period (c. 475 - 221 BC). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Preceded by the Spring and Autumn period
• During the Zhou dynasty
• Partition of Jin in 453 BC
• Han, Zhao and Wei states officially recognized by Zhou in 403 BC
• Qin's wars of unification (230 - 221 BC)
• Ended when the Qin dynasty unified China in 221 BC
• Led to first Chinese imperial dynastic state
• Record of the Warring States written about this period

List of World Baseball Classic champions

This post is a list of World Baseball Classic champions. There are 6 champions listed below. Source: Wikipedia

2006: Japan
2009: Japan
2012: Dominican Republic
2017: United States
2023: Japan
2026: Venezuela

Collection of facts about the Sixteen Kingdoms period

This post is a collection of facts about the Sixteen Kingdoms period (304 - 439 AD). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Preceded by Western Jin reunification of China and War of the Eight Princes
• Western Jin collapsed and then formed the Eastern Jin
• Power vacuum led to civil wars, rebellions and famine
• States formed by non-Han people in northern China
• Five Barbarians: Xiongnu, Jie, Di, Qiang, Xianbei
• Former Qin (376 - 838 AD) defeated by Eastern Jin
• Northern Wei reunited the north ending the Sixteen Kingdoms period
• Followed by Northern and Southern dynasties era

Collection of facts about the Spring and Autumn period

This post is a collection of facts about the Spring and Autumn period (c. 770 - 481 BC). There are 5 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• During the Eastern Zhou dynasty
• Increased political autonomy for local lords
• Spring and Autumn Annals is about the state of Lu
• Ended with the partition of Jin
• Followed by the Warring States period

Collection of facts about the Reconquista

This post is a collection of facts about the Reconquista (c. 718 - 1492). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Christian states vs. al-Andalus
• Iberian Peninsula previously ruled by Visigothic Kingdom
• Muslim Conquest of 711 established al-Andalus on the Iberian Peninsula
• Kingdom of Asturias fought Umayyad Caliphate (8th century AD)
• Caliphate of Córdoba collapsed in the 11th century into taifa states
• Almoravids tried to unite the taifas
• Portugal, León, Castile and Aragon fought Almohad Caliphate (12th - 13th century)
• Granada captured in 1492 ending the Reconquista

Collection of facts about the An Lushan Rebellion

This post is a collection of facts about the An Lushan rebellion (755 - 763 AD). There 10 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Civil war in China during Tang dynasty
• Yan dynasty attempted to replace Tang dynasty
• Rebels captured capital Chang'an and emperor fled to Sichuan
• Rebellion led by An Lushan
• An Lushan killed by his son, An Qingxu in 757 AD
• An Qingxu killed by Shi Siming in 759 AD
• Shi Siming killed by his son, Shi Chaoyi in 761 AD
• Yan dynasty defeated by Tang dynasty in 763 AD
• Led to decline of Tang dynasty
• Census population fell from 52 million to 16 million

Collection of facts about the Civil rights movement

This post is a collection of facts about the Civil rights movement (1654-1968). There are 19 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Attempted to end racial segregation and discrimination in the U.S.
• African Americans were most affected
• American Civil War (1861-1865) led to abolishment of slavery
• Reconstruction Amendments implemented
• Jim Crow laws discriminated against African Americans
• Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) upheld Jim Crow laws
• Brown v. Board of Education (1954) invalidated segregated-schooling laws
• Martin Luther King Jr. led protests and civil disobedience campaigns
• Montgomery bus boycott (1955-1956)
• Browder v. Gayle (1956) ruled bus segregation unconstitutional
• Children's Crusade march in 1963
• March on Washington in 1963
• Civil Rights Act of 1964
• Selma to Montgomery march in 1965
• Voting Rights Act of 1965
• Loving v. Virginia (1967) ruled interracial marriages legal
• Fair Housing Act of 1968
• Black power movement emerged in the 1960's
• Martin Luther King assassinated in 1968

Collection of states involved in the revolutions of 1848

This post is a collection of states involved int he revolutions of 1848. There are 19 states listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Austrian Empire
• Grand Duchy of Baden
• Lands of the Bohemian Crown
• Kingdom of France
• German Confederation
• Galicia (region)
• Duchy of Holstein
• Kingdom of Hungary
• Ireland (region)
• Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
• Duchy of Modena and Reggio
• Moldavia
• Grand Duchy of Posen
• Kingdom of Prussia
• Kingdom of Sardinia
• Duchy of Schleswig
• Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
• Cantons of Switzerland
• Wallachia

Collection of facts about the unification of Italy

This post is a collection of facts about the unification of Italy (1848-1870). There are 11 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Kingdom of Sardinia annexed Italian states and established the Kingdom of Italy
• Led by Camillo Benso and Giuseppe Garibaldi
• Began during the Revolutions of 1848
• First Italian War of Independence (1848-1849)
• Second Italian War of Independence (1859)
• Expedition of the Thousand (1860)
• Victor Emmanuel became King of Italy (1861)
• Third Italian War of Independence (1866)
• Venetian plebiscite of 1866
• Capture of Rome (1870)
• Final states joined Italy in Treaty of Rapallo (1920)

Collection of facts about Holodomor

This post is a collection of facts about Holodomor (1932-1933). There are 6 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine
• Debated if it was intentional to eliminate a Ukrainian independence movement
• Caused by collectivization of agriculture and Soviet industrialization
• Ukraine was a large grain-producing state and had high quotas
• 4.3 million tons of grain produced in 1932 harvest (7.2 million tons in 1931)
• Deaths: 3.5 to 5 million

List of Roman civilization history posts

This post is a list of Roman civilization history posts for this blog. There are 15 posts listed below by topic and chronologically by post date.

    Roman Kingdom

1. List of kings of the Roman Kingdom

    Roman Republic

1. List of Punic Wars
2. List of rulers in the Roman triumvirates
3. Collection of facts about the Gallic Wars
4. List of Macedonian Wars

    Roman Empire

1. List of Roman emperors in the Julio-Claudian dynasty
2. List of Roman emperors in the Nerva-Antonine dynasty
3. List of capitals in the Roman tetrarchy
4. Collection of facts about the Crisis of the Third Century

    Byzantine Empire

1. List of Byzantine political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia)
2. Collection of facts about the Fall of Constantinople
3. Collection of facts about the Gothic War

    Miscellaneous

1. List of Roman civilization historical periods
2. List of Roman political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia)
3. Collection of facts about the Roman-Persian wars

Collection of facts about the War of 1812

This post is a collection of facts about the War of 1812 (1812-1815). There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• United States vs. United Kingdom, Tecumseh's confederacy
• British navy enforced restrictions on American trade in 1807
• Britain provided military support to Indian tribes resisting the U.S.
• U.S. declares war on Britain in 1812
• Britain defeated U.S. invasions in Canada (1812-1814)
• Chesapeake campaign (1813-1814)
• Creek War in American South against Muscogee (1813-1814)
• Washington captured and White House burned in 1814
• Peace terms established in Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Collection of facts about the Gothic War

This post is a collection of facts about the Gothic War (535 - 554 AD). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Byzantine Empire vs. Ostrogothic Kingdom
• Justinian's attempt to recover Western Roman Empire provinces
• Fall of Ravenna (Ostrogothic capital) in 540 AD
• Gothic revival led by Totila (541 - 553 AD)
• Byzantium repels Frank and Alamanni invasions in 554 AD
• Justinian established new Italian government in 554 AD
• Byzantium lost Italy after Lombard invasion in 568 AD