- Byzantine Empire vs. Ostrogothic Kingdom
- Justinian's attempt to recover Western Roman Empire provinces
- Fall of Ravenna (Ostrogothic capital) in 540 AD
- Gothic revival led by Totila (541 - 553 AD)
- Byzantium repels Frank and Alamanni invasions in 554 AD
- Justinian established new Italian government in 554 AD
- Byzantium lost Italy after Lombard invasion in 568 AD