This post is a list of Papal States political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia). There are 6 political leaders listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia
Pope Gregory VII (c. 1015-1085)
"...initiated the Gregorian Reform... known for the part he played in the Investiture Controversy, his dispute with Emperor Henry IV to establish the primacy of papal authority and the new canon law governing the election of the pope by the College of Cardinals... introduced a policy of celibacy for the clergy... excommunicated Henry IV three times..." (Wikipedia: Pope Gregory VII, 2.13.26 UTC 02:29)
Pope Urban II (c. 1035-1099)
"...convening the Council of Clermont, which ignited the series of Catholic military expeditions known as the Crusades... dealt with Antipope Clement III, the infighting of various Christian nations, and the Turkish invasions into Anatolia... fight to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslims... resulted in the occupation of Jerusalem and expulsion of the Fatimids... set up the modern-day Roman Curia..." (Wikipedia: Pope Urban II, 11.17.25 UTC 19:02)
Pope Innocent III (1161-1216)
"...claiming supremacy over Europe's kings... reforms of ecclesiastical affairs through his decretals and the Fourth Lateran Council... refinement of Western canon law... directing crusades against Muslim Iberia... the Livonian Crusade against Baltic and Finnic pagans... and the Albigensian Crusade against Cathars in southern France... organized the Fourth Crusade... ended in the sack of Constantinople." (Wikipedia: Pope Innocent III, 2.2.26 UTC 08:25)
Pope Boniface VIII (c. 1230-1303)
"...some of the strongest claims of any pope to temporal as well as spiritual power. He involved himself often with foreign affairs... systematized canon law by collecting it in a new volume, the Liber Sextus (1298)... established the first Catholic jubilee year to take place in Rome... excommunicated King Philip IV... the king sent his troops to attack the pope's residence..." (Wikipedia: Pope Boniface VIII, 2.14.26 UTC 19:26)
Pope Alexander VI (c. 1431-1503)
"...papal bulls of 1493 confirmed or reconfirmed the rights of the Spanish crown in the New World... supported his son Cesare Borgia as a condottiero for the French king." (Wikipedia: Pope Alexander VI, 2.13.26 UTC 12:47)
Pope Julius II (1443-1513)
"...central figure of the High Renaissance... Papal States increased their power and centralization... established the Vatican Museums and initiated the rebuilding of the St. Peter's Basilica... organized the famous Swiss Guard for his personal protection... ratified the Treaty of Tordesillas, establishing the first bishoprics in the Americas... commissioned the Raphael Rooms and Michelangelo's paintings in the Sistine Chapel. (Wikipedia: Pope Julius II, 1.23.26 UTC 02:34)
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