Collection of Leonardo da Vinci paintings

This post is a collection of paintings by Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519). There are 24 paintings including disputed and incomplete paintings. The paintings are listed below chronologically.

Annunciation (1472-1475)

The Baptism of Christ (1472-1475) (collaboration with Andrea del Verrocchio)

Ginevra de Benci (1474-1478)

Benois Madonna (1478)

Madonna of the Carnation (1478)

Adoration of the Magi (1480-1482)

Saint Jerome (1480)

Virgin of the Rocks (Paris version) (1483-1486)

Portrait of a Musician (1485)

Lady with an Ermine (1489-1490)

La Belle Ferroronniere (1490)

Madonna Litta (1490)

The Last Supper (1490's)

La Bella Principessa (1490's) (disputed)

The Virgin and Child with St. Anne and St. John the Baptist (1499-1500)

Portrait of Isabella d'Este (1499-1500)

Salvator Mundi (1500) (disputed)

Madonna of the Yarnwinder (1501)

The Virgin and Child with St. Anne (1503)

Isleworth Mona Lisa (1503-1516) (disputed)

Mona Lisa (1503-1506)

Virgin of the Rocks (London version) (1503-1506)

La Scapigliata (1508)

Saint John the Baptist (1513-1516)

Collection of Beatles songs

Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, Library of Congress

This post is a collection of Beatles songs. There are 10 songs listed below alphabetically.

• A Day In The Life
• Eight Days a Week
• Hello, Goodbye
• Help!
• Hey Jude
• I Want to Hold Your Hand
• Strawberry Fields Forever
• With A Little Help From My Friends
• While My Guitar Gently Sleeps
• Yesterday

Oliver Heaviside and theoretical physics

Photo source: Wikimedia Commons

Oliver Heaviside (1850-1925) was an English electrical engineer and physicist best known for reformulating Maxwell's equations. Physicist George Francis Fitzgerald said,

"Maxwell’s treatise is cumbered with the debris of his brilliant lines of assault, of his entrenched camps, of his battles. Oliver Heaviside has cleared those away, has opened up a direct route, has made a broad road, and has explored a considerable tract of country. " (Review of Heaviside's Electrical Papers, 1893)

The rest of this post is some quotes from Heaviside.

Maxwell's equations

"It took me several years before I could understand as much as I possibly could. Then I set Maxwell aside and followed my own course. And I progressed much more quickly… It will be understood that I preach the gospel according to my interpretation of Maxwell." (Quoted in Oliver Heaviside by Paul Nahin)

Mathematics

"In working out physical problems there should be, in the first place, no pretence of rigorous formalism. The physics will guide the physicist along somehow to useful and important results, by the constant union of physical and geometrical or analytical ideas. The practice of eliminating the physics by reducing a problem to a purely mathematical exercise should be avoided as much as possible. The physics should be carried on right through, to give life and reality to the problem, and to obtain the great assistance which the physics gives to the mathematics." (Electromagnetic Theory, 1893)

Theory

"The study of the theory of a physical science should be preceded by some general experimental acquaintance therewith, in order to secure the inimitable advantage of a personal acquaintance with something real and living." (Electromagnetic Theory, 1893)

"Theory always tends to become abstract as it emerges successfully from the chaos of facts by the processes of differentiation and elimination, whereby the essentials and their connections become recognised, whilst minor effects are seen to be secondary or unessential, and are ignored temporarily, to be explained by additional means." (Electromagnetic Theory, 1893)

Reality

"We do not dwell in the Palace of Truth. But, as was mentioned to me not long since, 'There is a time coming when all things shall be found out'. I am not so sanguine myself, believing that the well in which truth is said to reside is really a bottomless pit." (Electromagnetic Theory, 1893)

"There is no absolute scale of size in the Universe, for it is boundless towards the great and also boundless towards the small." (Quoted in On Growth and Form by D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson)

Gravity strings: theory of gravity

Sometimes I believe action at a distance (and time dilation at a distance) is impossible. It doesn't make sense that the Earth can cause a force (or time dilation) on the Moon without actually touching the Moon. For this reason, it seems there should be a connecting object that causes gravity. Regarding action at distance, Isaac Newton once said,

"That gravity should be innate, inherent and essential to matter, so that one body may act upon another at a distance thro' a vacuum, without the mediation of any thing else, by and through which their action and force may be conveyed from one to another, is to me so great an absurdity that I believe no man who has in philosophical matters a competent faculty of thinking can ever fall into it. Gravity must be caused by an agent acting constantly according to certain laws; but whether this agent be material or immaterial, I have left to the consideration of my readers." (Letters to Bentley, 1692-1693)

To address this issue, I created a theory where gravity is caused by subatomic strings (gravity strings) that pull objects together. I dont actually believe this theory, but it serves as a possible template to think action at a distance. Below I've listed a few principles about gravity strings.

1. Only objects with mass can shoot out gravity strings.
2. Gravity strings are made of subatomic massless particles.
3. Massive objects can dispense more gravity strings that can go further distances.
4. The loose end of a gravity string searches for matter to attach to.
5. Once attached to an object, a gravity string pulls the object towards itself.
6. A gravity string forms a straight line between two objects similar to a taught rope.
7. Gravity strings are extremely thin allowing them to easily pass through larger objects.
8. Gravity strings can pass through each other because each string has alternating segments of even smaller matter.
9. Every galaxy contains a web of gravity strings that connect solar systems together.

License: CC BY-SA 4.0

Fundamentals of physics

Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, Eric Hahn

Photo license: CC BY-SA 4.0

This post is an outline of my philosophy of physics. There are 18 principles divided into 5 sections.

    A. What is physics?

• Physics is the study of matter, motion, force, space and time

    B. Matter

• Matter consists of matter and extremely small empty space
• Empty space consists of empty space and extremely small matter
• Matter consists of infinitely smaller structures and particles
• Every particle is a unified structure of even smaller matter
• The properties of matter are determined by its underlying structure
• Interlocking structures hold a piece of matter together
• A single particle cannot be in multiple places at once

    C. Motion and force

• All matter moves according to the forces that are affecting or have affected it
• Every physical force is matter pushing or pulling other matter by collision
• Every physical field of force is actually microscopic or hidden matter pushing and pulling
• Colliding particles can temporarily overlap with their smaller particles on the edge
• Sometimes subatomic particles can travel straight through other matter
• A shaking or pulsating particle moving through space moves like a wave

    D. Space

• There are three spatial dimensions
• Spatial dimensions above three do not exist

    E. Time

• Time is the process by which reality moves from past, present to future
• Without time, matter cannot move

License: CC BY-SA 4.0

List of fundamentals posts

Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, Minnesota Historical Society

Photo license: CC BY-SA 3.0

This post is a list of fundamentals posts for this blog. Most of these posts are quotes organized into a structure to organize my thoughts about a subject. This post was last updated February 2026. There are 19 posts listed below chronologically.

1. Critique of academic economics
2. Fundamentals of knowledge
3. Fundamentals of language
4. Fundamentals of reason
5. Fundamentals of fiscal policy
6. Fundamentals of mathematics
7. Fundamentals of phenomenology
8. Fundamentals of belief
9. Fundamentals of consciousness
10. Fundamentals of understanding
11. Fundamentals of reality
12. Fundamentals of God
13. Fundamentals of free will
14. Fundamentals of physics
15. Fundamentals of relativity
16. Fundamentals of Econ Analysis Tools
17. Fundamentals of belief analysis
18. Fundamentals of art
19. Fundamentals of electromagnetism

Fundamentals of free will

Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, W.carter

Photo license: CC BY-SA 4.0

This post is a collection of quotes about free will. There are 9 quotes divided into 3 sections.

A. Free will is a faculty that allows a being to make independent choices (3)
B. Consciousness would be evolutionarily useless without free will (3)
C. Emotion guides behavior but does not dictate behavior (3)

A. Free will is a faculty that allows a being to make independent choices

Jacob Bronoswki (1908-1974, mathematician):
1. "What we really mean by free will... is the visualizing of alternatives and making a choice between them." (The Origins of Knowledge and Imagination, 1978)

Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914, philosopher):
2. "The truth is, the mind is not subject to 'law' in the same rigid sense that matter is." (The Law of Mind, 1892)

John Dewey (1859-1952, philosopher):
3. "Individuality is the source of whatever is unpredictable in the world." (Time and Individuality, 1940)

B. Consciousness would be evolutionarily useless without free will

David Chalmers (1966-now, philosopher)
4. "Why doesn't all this information-processing go on 'in the dark', free of any inner feel? ...We know that conscious experience does arise when these functions are performed, but the very fact that it arises is the central mystery." (Facing Up to the Problem of Consciousness, 1995)

Amit Goswami (physicist):
5. "In this view, consciousness imposes 'downward causation'. In other words, our free will is real. When we act in the world we are really acting with causal power." (Scientific Proof of the Existence of God, 1997)

Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980, philosopher):
6. "Imagination is not an empirical or superadded power of consciousness, it is the whole of consciousness as it realizes its freedom." (1936, Imagination: A Psychological Critique)

C. Emotion guides behavior but does not dictate behavior

G. E. Moore (1873-1958, philosopher):
7. "Moral conduct, or duty, is defined as the obligation to select that action which will achieve more good than any alternative action..." (Goodreads.com)

Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986, philosopher):
8. "I wish that every human life might be pure transparent freedom." (The Blood of Others, 1946)

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939, psychologist):
9. "The ego represents what we call reason and sanity, in contrast to the id which contains passions." (The Ego and the Id, 1923)