Thursday, December 31, 2020

Fundamentals of electromagnetism

This post is a list of fundamental principles of electromagnetism. There are 16 principles listed below.
  1. Charged particles have an electric field in all directions (positive or negative)
  2. Particles of the opposite charge attract eachother
  3. Particles of the same charge repel eachother
  4. Electrons have a negative charge
  5. Charged particles have a magnetic field (north and south orientation)
  6. Opposite magnetic poles attract eachother
  7. Magnets have coordinated particles pointing in the same magnetic field
  8. Electrons moving in a wire is an electric current in the opposite direction
  9. Electric current is caused by a charge imbalance in a circuit or change in an magnetic field
  10. An electric current creates a magnetic field curling around it (near field)
  11. An accelerating electric field creates a perpendicular magnetic field (far field)
  12. An accelerating magnetic field creates a perpendicular electric field (far field)
  13. Electric and magnetic fields propagate together through space (far field)
  14. Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light
  15. Electromagnetic waves vary in frequency
  16. Visible light is an electromagnetic wave in a specific frequency range

License: CC BY-SA 4.0
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Friday, December 25, 2020

List of versions of M-theory

This post is a list of versions of M-theory. M-theory is a physics theory proposed by Edward Witten in 1995 as an attempt to unify the 5 versions of string theory. There are 5 versions listed below alphabetically. Source: Wikipedia

  • E8xE8
  • SO(32)
  • Type I
  • Type IIA
  • Type IIB
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Wednesday, December 23, 2020

List of Millennium Prize Problems

This post is a list of the Millennium Prize Problems. The Millenium Prize Problems are a list of mathematics problems proposed by the Clay Mathematics Institute in 2000. There are 7 problems listed below alphabetically. Source: claymath.org

  • Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture
  • Hodge conjecture
  • Navier-Stokes equation
  • P versus NP
  • Poincaré conjecture
  • Riemann hypothesis
  • Yang-Mills and the mass gap
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Sunday, December 6, 2020

Collection of quotes from Principles of Epistemology

This post is a list of quotes from my essay Principles of Epistemology (2018). There are 35 quotes and 7 chapters listed below chronologically.

A. Truth (3)
B. Knowledge (4)
C. Language (7)
D. Representation (4)
E. Reason (6)
F. Understanding (7)
G. Phenomena (4)

A. Truth


1. "Reality is the actual state of affairs."

2. "True is the attribute of being an accurate representation of reality."

3. "When our propositions correctly display reality, we are saying something that is true. I believe that determining whether a proposition is true or false is central to epistemology."

B. Knowledge


4. "Knowledge is a correctly justified true belief."

5. "It's necessary that knowledge is correctly justified. This means that correct justification has to be used."

6. "I believe there is a subjective line between justified and not-justified. I don't have a strict criteria for what constitutes as a good reason."

7. "Over the course of a lifetime, a person will form a giant list of beliefs about reality."

C. Language


8. "Every word corresponds to a concept (or multiple concepts)."

9. "Language is almost always subjective to a degree."

10. "A concept is a mental general representation... Concepts are mental because they only exist in the mind. Reality is full of potential concepts and only the mind or viewer can create concepts."

11. "A meaning is an underlying representation."

12. "I believe that language is formed through establishment rather than usage... Maybe with enough misuses, a new meaning can get established to coincide alongside the original meaning, but still establishment is what truly gives a word meaning."

13. "Syntax is a system of rules for the combination of words."

14. "With two exceptions, I believe it's impossible to make a 100% objective proposition about reality. The only exceptions I can think of are mathematical equations such as 2 + 3 = 5 and symbolic logic equations. I believe some of the most objective looking statements can be twisted to be purposefully misinterpreted."

D. Representation


15. "If establishing knowledge is a central goal, another goal is to create true physical representations of reality. This includes all of our models, descriptions, equations and illustrations."

16. "Although we can use pictures to display information, sometimes it's more effective to use words. This is why we often see captions attached to pictures. In this regard, descriptions have greater potential to provide knowledge than images alone."

17. "Explanations are important for understanding reality... Explanations shine light on the mysteries of reality."

18. "Mathematics is the study of numbers, lines and shapes."

E. Reason


19. "Reason is the process of forming conclusions using explicit justifications or premises."

20. "A reason is something intended to support the accuracy of a proposition."

21. "Reasons fit together to support or deny a proposition."

22. "Science is a method of establishing knowledge through controlled experiments."

23. "Logic is the process of forming conclusions using objective reasons or premises."

24. "Intuition is the process of forming beliefs based on unclear reasons."

F. Understanding


25. "Understanding is the condition of knowing the explanation of something."

26. "Understanding is the condition of having competent knowledge in something."

27. "I believe that many of our thoughts can be represented in quote form. While some thoughts can be expressed in a single sentence, other thoughts are more complex and require an entire paragraph."

28. "I enjoy collecting quotes and organizing them into clear structures. To me, structured quotes are easier to understand than continuous prose. Even when I write normally, I try to keep my paragraphs short and clear. Either way, I'm trying to organize thoughts into coherent structures."

29. "A principle is a proposition that contributes to the structure of a topic."

30. "A fundamental is a core principle."

31. "A system is a set of interrelated things that form a unified whole."

G. Phenomena


32. "I believe that every detail of experience is a phenomenon. Everything you can notice is a phenomenon. This includes every event, attribute, object, piece of information, thought, sense and anything else that can be observed."

33. "All knowledge begins with phenomenology."

34. "Memory is a bookcase that we can grab knowledge from."

35. "Experience is the totality of past and present sense data."

License: CC BY-SA 4.0
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Sunday, November 29, 2020

Collection of ancient Egyptian scarab photos

This post is a collection of ancient Egyptian scarab photos. There are 18 photos listed below chronologically.

1981-1550 BC
License: CC0 1.0



1981-1550 BC
License: CC0 1.0



1981-1550 BC
License: CC0 1.0



1981-1550 BC
License: CC0 1.0



1981-1550 BC
License: CC0 1.0



1700 BC
License: CC0 1.0



1648-1540 BC
License: CC0 1.0



1640-1550 BC
License: CC0 1.0



1635-1458 BC


1550-1458 BC
License: CC0 1.0



1479-1458 BC
License: CC0 1.0



1479-1458 BC
License: CC0 1.0



1390-1353 BC
License: CC0 1.0



1390-1353 BC
License: CC0 1.0



1390-1352 BC
License: CC0 1.0



1070-343 BC
License: CC0 1.0



664-380 BC
License: CC0 1.0



664-332 BC
License: CC0 1.0

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Saturday, November 28, 2020

List of major political issues in the United States

This post is a list of major political issues in the United States. There are 23 issues listed below alphabetically.

  • Animal rights
  • Birth control
  • Climate change
  • Caronavirus
  • Economic inequality
  • Environmental regulation
  • Financial regulation
  • Foreign policy
  • Gender inequality
  • Gun ownership
  • Healthcare
  • Housing
  • Immigration
  • International trade
  • Labor rights
  • Monetary policy
  • Police brutality
  • Public debt
  • Racial inequality
  • Racism
  • Taxation
  • Vaccinations
  • Unemployment
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Friday, November 27, 2020

List of Legend of Zelda video games (main series)

This post is a list of Legend of Zelda video games (main series). There are 19 video games listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

  • 1986: The Legend of Zelda
  • 1987: The Adventure of Link
  • 1991: A Link to the Past
  • 1993: Link's Awakening
  • 1998: Ocarina of Time
  • 2000: Majora's Mask
  • 2001: Oracle of Ages
  • 2001: Oracle of Seasons
  • 2002: A Link to the Past & Four Swords
  • 2002: Wind Waker
  • 2004: Four Swords Adventures
  • 2004: Minish Cap
  • 2006: Twilight Princess
  • 2007: Phantom Hourglass
  • 2009: Spirit Tracks
  • 2011: Skyward Sword
  • 2013: A Link Between Worlds
  • 2015: Tri Force Heroes
  • 2017: Breath of the Wild
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Thursday, November 26, 2020

Basic timeline of electromagnetism

This post a basic timeline of electromagnetism. There are 34 events listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

  • 1600: William Gilbert proposes that the world is a magnet
  • 1663: Otto von Guericke invents the electrostatic generator
  • 1745-1746: Ewald Georg von Kleist and Pieter van Musschenbroek invent the Leyden Jar
  • 1747: Benjamin Franklin proposes positive and negative charge
  • 1771: Henry Cavendish proposes electric potential
  • 1780: Luigi Galvani performs electrical experiments on dead frogs
  • 1785: Charles-Augustin de Coulomb discovers Coulomb's law
  • 1799: Alessandro Volta invents the electric battery
  • 1802: Humphry Davy invents incandescent light
  • 1809: Humphry Davy performs public demonstrations of arc light
  • 1820: Hans Oersted discovers Oersted's law
  • 1820: Johann Schweigger invents the galvanometer
  • 1821: Michael Faraday constructs a rotary motor
  • 1825: William Sturgeon invents the electromagnet
  • 1825: Andre-Marie Ampere discovers Ampere's law
  • 1827: George Ohm discovers Ohm's law
  • 1828: Joseph Henry improves on the electromagnet and invents the telegraph
  • 1831: Michael Faraday discovers electromagnetic induction
  • 1832: Hippolyte Pixii invents the alternating current motor
  • 1861-1862: James Clerk Maxwell publishes Maxwell's equations
  • 1875: William Crookes invents the Crookes tube
  • 1876: Alexander Graham Bell invents the electric telephone
  • 1876: Thomas Edison establishes Menlo Park research lab
  • 1884: Oliver Heaviside reformulates Maxwell's equations
  • 1886-1889: Heinrich Hertz performs experiments on electromagnetic waves
  • 1888: Nikola Tesla invents an improved alternating current motor
  • 1895: Guglielmo Marconi invents long range radio telegraph
  • 1895: Wilhelm Rontgen discovers x-rays
  • 1897: J.J. Thompson discovers the electron
  • 1900: Reginald Fessenden invents AM radio
  • 1905: Albert Einstein discovers the photoelectric effect
  • 1911: Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discovers superconductivity
  • 1931: Edwin Howard Armstrong invents FM radio
  • 1947: William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain invent the working transistor
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Basic timeline of physics

This post is a basic timeline of physics. There are 32 events listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

  • 5th century BC: Leucippus and Democritus propose the existence of atoms
  • 1589-1592: Galileo Galilei performs falling object experiments
  • 1609-1619: Johannes Kepler discovers the laws of planetary motion
  • 1687: Isaac Newton publishes Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica
  • 1704: Isaac Newton publishes Opticks
  • 1801: Thomas Young performs the double-slit experiment
  • 1805: John Dalton publishes atomic weight estimates
  • 1831: Michael Faraday discovers electromagnetic induction
  • 1861-1862: James Clerk Maxwell publishes Maxwell's equations
  • 1895: Wilhelm Rontgen discovers x-rays
  • 1896: Henri Becquerel discovers radiation
  • 1896: Ludwig Boltzmann publishes a statistical interpretation of thermodynamics
  • 1897: J.J. Thompson discovers the electron
  • 1900: Max Planck discovers quanta and the Planck constant
  • 1905: Albert Einstein discovers special relativity
  • 1910: Albert Einstein discovers general relativity
  • 1911: Ernst Rutherford discovers the nucleus of the atom
  • 1913: Niels Bohr publishes the Bohr model of the atom
  • 1925: Erwin Schrodinger discovers the Schrodinger equation
  • 1927: Werner Heisenberg discovers the uncertainty principle
  • 1927: Georges Lemaitre proposes the big bang theory
  • 1928: Paul Dirac discovers the Dirac equation and antimatter
  • 1932: James Chadwick discovers the neutron
  • 1948: Richard Feynman introduces Feynman diagrams
  • 1957: Hugh Everett III proposes the many-worlds interpretation
  • 1964: Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig discover the quark
  • 1967: Stephen Weinberg and Abdus Salam discover the standard model
  • 1968: Gabriele Venziano discovers string theory
  • 1974: Stephen Hawking discovers Hawking radiation
  • 1995: Edward Witten discovers M-Theory
  • 2012: Higgs Boson is discovered at CERN
  • 2016: Gravitational waves are discovered by LIGO
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Wednesday, November 25, 2020

Basic timeline of economics

This post is a basic timeline of economics. There are 25 events listed below chronologically.

  • 1755: Richard Cantillon publishes Essay on the Nature of Trade in General
  • 1758: Francois Quesnay publishes Tableau Économique
  • 1767: James Steuart publishes An Enquiry in the Principles of Political Economy
  • 1776: Adam Smith publishes The Wealth of Nations
  • 1798: Thomas Robert Malthus publishes An Essay on the Principle of Population
  • 1817: David Ricardo publishes On The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation
  • 1847: Leon Walras publishes Elements of Pure Economics
  • 1848: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish The Communist Manifesto
  • 1848: John Stuart Mill publishes Principles of Political Economy
  • 1862: William Stanley Jevons publishes A General Mathematical Theory of Political Economy
  • 1871: Carl Menger publishes Principles of Economics
  • 1879: Henry George publishes Progress and Poverty
  • 1890: Alfred Marshall publishes Principles of Economics
  • 1911: Joseph Schumpeter publishes Theory of Economic Development
  • 1934: Simon Kuznets publishes national income accounts for the United States
  • 1936: John Maynard Keynes publishes The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money
  • 1944: Friedrich Hayek publishes Road to Serfdom
  • 1948: Paul Samuelson publishes Economics: An Introductory Analysis
  • 1956: Robert Solow publishes A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth
  • 1958: John Kenneth Galbraith publishes The Affluent Society
  • 1960: Piero Sraffa publishes Productions of Commodities by Means of Commodities
  • 1962: Milton Friedman publishes Capitalism and Freedom
  • 1963: Kenneth Arrow publishes Uncertainty and the Welfare Economcis of Medical Care
  • 1972: Robert Lucas Jr. publishes Expectations and the Neutrality of Money
  • 1990: Paul Romer publishes Endogenous Technological Change
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Friday, November 20, 2020

List of famous Roman ruins

This post is a list of famous Roman ruins. There are 92 ruins listed below alphabetically.

Alexander Severus Arch
Dougga, Tunisia
License: CC BY-SA 3.0



Aphrodisias Theatre
Caria, Turkey
License: CC BY-SA 2.0



Aphrodisias Tetrapylon
Caria, Turkey
Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, Bernard Gagnon
License: CC BY-SA 3.0



Aphrodite Temple
Caria, Turkey
Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, Viault
License: CC BY-SA 3.0



Apollo Hylates Sanctuary
Kourion, Croatia
License: CC BY-SA 2.0



Artemis Temple
Jerash, Jordan
Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, David Bjorgen
License: CC BY-SA 3.0



Augustus Mausoleum
Rome, Italy
Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, ryarwood
License: CC BY-SA 2.0



Bacchus Temple
Baalbek, Lebanon
Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, 林高志
License: CC BY-SA 4.0



Basilica of Baelo Claudia
Baelo Claudia, Spain
Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, Anual
License: CC BY 3.0



Basilica of St. Crispinus
Tipaza, Algeria
License: CC BY-SA 3.0



Beit She'arim National Park
Beit Shearim, Israel
Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, Davidbena
License: CC BY-SA 4.0



Butrint Agora
Butrint, Albania
License: CC BY-SA 2.0



Caesarea Maritima
Caesarea, Israel
Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, Fallaner
License: CC BY-SA 4.0



Capua Amphitheatre
Capua, Italy
Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, Dom De Felice, Carla Nunziata
License: CC BY-SA 3.0



Caracalla Arch (Djemila)
Djemila, Algeria
License: CC BY 3.0



Caracalla Arch (Volubilis)
Volubilis, Morocco
License: CC BY-SA 2.0



Caracalla Baths
Rome, Italy
Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, CCCP
License: CC BY-SA 2.5 CA



Canterbury Castle
Canterbury, United Kingdom
License: CC BY-SA 2.0



Capitoline Temple
Dougga, Tunisia
License: CC BY 3.0



Cardo Maximus
Jerash, Jordan
License: CC BY-SA 2.0



Cartagena Theatre
Cartagena, Spain
Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, amaianos
License: CC BY 2.0



Cecilia Metella Mausoleum
Rome, Italy
License: CC BY-SA 3.0



Circus of Maxentius
Rome, Italy
Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, Nick-D
License: CC BY-SA 3.0



Colosseum
Rome, Italy
License: CC BY-SA 3.0



Constantine Arch
Rome, Italy
License: CC BY-SA 2.0



Diana Temple (Merida)
Merida, Spain
Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, doalex



Diana Temple (Nimes)
Nimes, France



Djemila Theatre
Djemila, Tunisia
Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, habib kaki
License: CC BY 3.0



Domus Augustana
Rome, Italy
Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, Blackcat
License: CC BY-SA 3.0



Dougga Theatre
Dougga, Tunisia
Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, Noomen9
License: CC BY-SA 4.0



El Jem Amphitheatre
El Djem, Tunisia
License: CC BY-SA 4.0



Évora Temple
Évora, Portugal
License: CC BY-SA 3.0



Frontinus Gate
Hierapolis, Turkey
License: CC BY-SA 2.0



Gymnasium (Butrint)
Butrint, Albania
Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, Pudelek
License: CC BY-SA 4.0



Hadrian Temple (Ephesus)
Ephesus, Turkey
License: CC BY-SA 2.0



Hadrian's Wall
Northern England
License: CC BY-SA 2.0



Heraclea Lyncestis Theatre
Heraclea Lyncestis, Macedonia
Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, Explorer1940
License: CC BY-SA 4.0



Herculaneum
Campania, Italy
License: CC BY-SA 2.0



Hercules Temple
Rome, Italy
Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, ChromosomeGun
License: CC BY-SA 4.0



Herodes Atticus Theatre
Athens, Greece
Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, George E. Koronaios
License: CC BY-SA 4.0



Hierapolis Theatre
Hierapolis, Turkey
License: CC BY-SA 2.0



Janus Arch
Rome, Italy
Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, Daderot



Jerash Theatre
Jerash, Jordan
License: CC BY 3.0



Jerash Theatre (South)
Jerash, Jordan
Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, Britchi Mirela
License: CC BY-SA 4.0



Juno Caelestis Temple
Dougga, Tunisia
License: CC BY-SA 4.0



Jupiter Temple
Baalbek, Lebanon
Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, 4net
License: CC BY 3.0



Largo di Torre Argentina
Rome, Italy
License: CC BY-SA 4.0



Licinian Baths
Dougga, Tunisia
Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, Citizen59
License: CC BY-SA 2.0



Ludus Magnus
Rome, Italy
Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, Jastrow



Lugo Walls
Lugo Spain
Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, Xosema
License: CC BY-SA 4.0



Maison Carree
Nimes, France
Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, Larry
License: CC BY 2.0



Merida Amphitheatre
Merida, Spain
License: CC BY-SA 2.0



Merida Theatre
Merida, Spain
License: CC0 1.0



Milagros Aqueduct
Merida, Spain
Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, Brian Wee
License: CC BY-SA 4.0



Necropolis of Hierapolis
Hierapolis, Turkey
License: CC BY-SA 3.0



Nimes Amphitheatre
Nimes, France
Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, Graeme Churchard
License: CC BY 2.0



Orange Theatre
Orange, France
Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, KlausF
License: CC BY-SA 3.0



Ostia Antica
Rome, Italy
Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, Marie-Lan Nguyen (Jastrow)
License: CC BY 2.5



Oval Forum
Jerash, Jordan
License: CC BY-SA 2.0



Palatine Stadium
Rome, Italy
License: CC BY 3.0



Pantheon
Rome, Italy
Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, Lalupa
License: CC BY-SA 3.0



Perge Cardo
Perge, Turkey
License: CC BY-SA 3.0



Perge Stadium
Perge, Turkey
Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, Rzuwig
License: CC BY-SA 3.0



Philippi Basilica
Philippi, Greece
License: CC BY-SA 2.0



Philippi Theatre
Philippi, Greece
License: CC BY-SA 4.0



Plovdiv Theatre
Plovdiv, Bulgaria
License: CC BY 2.5



Pompeii Amphitheatre
Pompeii, Italy
License: CC BY-SA 3.0



Pompeii Basilica
Pompeii, Italy
License: CC BY-SA 3.0



Pompeii Forum
Pompeii, Italy
License: CC BY-SA 3.0



Pont Du Gard
Vers-Pont-du-Gard, France
License: CC BY-SA 4.0



Ponte Rotto
Rome Italy
Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, Mantico68
License: CC BY-SA 4.0



Porta Nigra
Trier, Germany
License: CC BY-SA 3.0



Portuno Temple
Rome, Italy
License: CC BY-SA 3.0



Puente Romano
Merida Spain
Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, VonRalph
License: CC BY-SA 3.0



Pula Amphitheatre
Pula, Croatia
License: CC BY-SA 2.0



Roma and Augustus Temple
Pula, Croatia
Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, Orlovic



Roman Baths
Bath, United Kingdom
Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, Alix Clinkingbeard
License: CC BY-SA 4.0



Roman Forum
Rome, Italy
Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, stone40
License: CC BY-SA 3.0



Romano de Baelo Claudia Theatre
Baelo Claudia, Spain
License: CC BY-SA 3.0



Sabratha Theatre
Sabratha, Libya
License: CC BY-SA 3.0



Saranda Kolones
Paphos, Cyprus
License: CC BY-SA 3.0



Septimius Severus Arch (Leptis Magna)
Leptis Magna, Libya
Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, Dirk.heldmaier
License: CC BY-SA 3.0



Septimius Severus Arch (Rome)
Rome, Italy
Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, Jebulon
License: CC0 1.0



Theseus House
Paphos, Cyprus
License: CC BY-SA 2.0



Timgad Arch
Timgad, Algeria
Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, LBM1948
License: CC BY-SA 4.0



Titus Arch
Rome, Italy
License: CC BY-SA 2.0



Trajan's Forum
Rome, Italy
Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, Szilas



Trier Imperial Baths
Trier, Germany
License: CC BY-SA 3.0



Trifolium House
Dougga, Tunisia
Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, Citizen59
License: CC BY-SA 2.0



Valens Aqueduct
Istanbul, Turkey
License: CC BY-SA 3.0



Villa dei Quintili
Rome, Italy
Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, BRUNNER Emmanuel (Manu25)
License: CC BY-SA 3.0



Vindolanda Fort
Vindolanda, United Kingdom
License: CC BY-SA 2.0

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