Saturday, December 30, 2023

Richard Stallman and free software

Richard Stallman (1953 - now) is an American programmer best known for his contributions to the free software movement and starting the GNU Project in 1983. The rest of this post is some quotes from Stallman.

1. "I consider that the Golden Rule requires that if I like a program, I must share it with other people who like it. Software sellers want to divide the users and conquer them, making each user agree not to share with others. I refuse to break solidarity with other users in this way." (GNU Manifesto, 1985)

2. "GNU is not in the public domain. Everyone will be permitted to modify and redistribute GNU, but no distributor will be allowed to restrict its further distribution. That is to say, proprietary modifications will not be allowed. I want to make sure that all versions of GNU remain free." (GNU Manifesto, 1985)

3. "The term 'free software' has an ambiguity problem: an unintended meaning, 'software you can get for zero price' fits the term just as the intended meaning, 'software which gives the user certain freedoms'." (Why 'Free Software' is Better than 'Open Source', 1998)

4. "The official definition of 'open source software' as published by the Open Source Initiative, is very close to our definition of free software; however it is a little looser in some respects, and they have accepted a few licenses that we consider unacceptably restrictive of users. However, the obvious meaning for the expression 'open source software' is, 'you can look at the source code'. This is a much weaker criterion than free software; it includes free software, but also some proprietary programs... That obvious meaning for 'open source' is not the meaning that its advocates intend. The result is that most people misunderstand what those advocates are advocating." (Why 'Free Software' is Better than 'Open Source', 1998)

5. "To be able to choose between proprietary software packages is to be able to choose your master. Freedom means not having a master." (The Free Software Movement and the Future of Freedom, 2006)

Linus Torvalds and open source software

Linus Torvalds (1969 - now) is a Swedish programmer best known for creating the Linux operating system. The rest of this post is some quotes from Torvalds.

1. "I changed the Linux copyright license to be the GPL some time in the first half of 1992. Mostly because I had hated the lack of a cheaply and easily available UNIX when I had looked for one a year before." (Linuxfocus.org)

2. "I often compare open source to science. To where science took this whole notion of developing ideas in the open and improving on other peoples' ideas and making it into what science is today and the incredible advances that we have had." (Interview with Kristie Lu Stout, Reclusive Linux Founder Opens Up, edition.cnn.com, 2006)

3. "The big thing about distributed source control is that it makes one of the main issues with SCM's go away - the politics around, 'who can make changes'." (Linux.com)

4. "I'm a huge believer in evolution... in the sense, 'the processes of evolution are really fundamental and should probably be at least thought about in pretty much any context'." (linux-kernel mailing list, 2006)

Sunday, December 24, 2023

List of late-modern history level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia

This post is a list of late-modern history level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia as of December 24th, 2023. There are 171 articles listed below. Source: Wikipedia

    General
  • Late modern period
  • Contemporary history
  • 1973 oil crisis
  • COVID-19 pandemic
  • Abolitionism
  • Civil rights movements
  • Cold War
  • Nuclear arms race
  • Collective farming
  • Decolonization
  • 2007-2008 financial crisis
  • Great Depression
  • Green Revolution
  • Industrial Revolution
  • Information Age
  • New Imperialism
  • Post-World War II economic expansion
  • Sexual revolution
  • Space Race
  • Moon landing
  • Spanish flu
  • War on terror

    World War I
  • World War I
  • Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
  • Balfour Declaration
  • Balkans Campaign
  • Eastern Front
  • Italian Front
  • Middle Eastern theatre of World War I
  • Western Front

    World War II
  • World War II
  • Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
  • Attack on Pearl Harbor
  • Battle of the Atlantic
  • Battle of Britain
  • Eastern Front
  • The Holocaust
  • Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II
  • Pacific War
  • Western Front
  • Yalta Conference

    North America
  • American Civil War
  • American Indian Wars
  • American frontier
  • Civil rights movement
  • Confederate States of America
  • Cuban Missile Crisis
  • Cuban Revolution
  • Dust Bowl
  • Manhattan Project
  • Mexican War of Independence
  • Mexican Revolution
  • Mexican-American War
  • Monroe Doctrine
  • New Deal
  • September 11 attacks
  • Spanish-American War
  • Wall Street Crash of 1929
  • War of 1812

    South America
  • Empire of Brazil
  • Gran Colombia
  • War of the Pacific
  • Paraguayan War

    Asia
  • Afghan conflict
  • Great Game
  • Iran-Iraq War
  • Iranian Revolution
  • Persian Constitutional Revolution

    East Asia
  • 1931 China floods
  • Boxer Rebellion
  • Chinese Civil War
  • Cultural Revolution
  • Empire of Japan
  • First Opium War
  • Fist Sino-Japanese War
  • Great Leap Forward
  • Korean War
  • Meiji Restoration
  • Russo-Japanese War
  • Second Opium War
  • 1911 Revolution
  • Second Sino-Japanese War
  • Nanjing Massacre
  • Taiping Rebellion
  • 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre

    Southeast Asia
  • 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
  • Dutch East Indies
  • French Indochina
  • Indonesian National Revolution
  • Nguyn dynasty
  • Philippine-American War
  • Philippine Revolution
  • Konbaung dynasty
  • Vietnam War
  • Khmer Rouge
  • First Indochina War

    South Asia
  • 1970 Bhola cyclone
  • Bangladesh Liberation War
  • British Raj
  • Indian independence movement
  • Indian Rebellion of 1857
  • Partition of India
  • Sri Lankan Civil War

    West Asia
  • Arab-Israeli conflict
  • Armenian genocide
  • Gulf War
  • Iraq War
  • Israeli-Palestinian conflict
  • Turkish War of Independence

    Europe (basic)
  • Austrian Empire
  • Austria-Hungary
  • Congress of Vienna
  • European integration
  • Iron Curtain
  • Revolutions of 1848
  • Treaty of Versailles

    Eastern Europe
  • Balkan Wars
  • Chernobyl disaster
  • Congress of Berlin
  • Crimean War
  • Czechoslovakia
  • Eastern Bloc
  • Warsaw Pact
  • French invasion of Russia
  • Greek War of Independence
  • Hungarian Revolution of 1956
  • Polish-Soviet War
  • Prague Spring
  • Russian Revolution of 1905
  • Revolutions of 1989
  • Russian Civil War
  • Russian Empire
  • Russian Revolution
  • Russo-Turkish War
  • Soviet Union
  • Dissolution of the Soviet Union
  • Great Purge
  • Gulag
  • Holodomor
  • Population transfer in the Soviet Union
  • Yugoslavia

    Western Europe
  • Berlin Wall
  • Dreyfus affair
  • Franco-Prussian War
  • German Confederation
  • German Empire
  • German reunification
  • Great Famine
  • Unification of Italy
  • July Revolution
  • Napoleonic Wars
  • Nazi Germany
  • Nazi concentration camps
  • Paris Commune
  • Sinking of the RMS Titanic
  • Spanish Civil War
  • The Troubles
  • Unification of Germany

    Africa
  • Algerian War
  • Angolan Civil War
  • Anglo-Zulu War
  • Apartheid
  • Congo Free State
  • Ethiopian Civil War
  • Nigerian Civil War
  • Rwandan genocide
  • Scramble for Africa
  • Second Boer War
  • Second Congo War
  • Second Italo-Ethiopian War
  • Sokoto Caliphate

License: CC BY-SA 4.0

Eric S. Raymond and open source

Eric S. Raymond (1957 - now) is an American programmer best known writing The Cathedral and the Bazaar (1997). The rest of this post is some quotes from Raymond.

1. "Good programmers know what to write. Great ones know what to rewrite (and reuse)." (The Cathedral and the Bazaar, 1997)

2. "From nearly the beginning, [Linux] was rather casually hacked on by huger numbers of volunteers coordinating only through the internet." (The Cathedral and the Bazaar, 1997)

3. "You cannot motivate the best people with money. Money is just a way to keep score. The best people in any field are motivated by passion." (AZQuotes.com)

Ted Nelson and hypertext

Ted Nelson (1937 - now) is an American technologist best known for coining the term 'hypertext'. Wikipedia says,
"Nelson founded Project Xanadu in 1960, with the goal of creating a computer network with a simple user interface." (Wikipedia: Ted Nelson, 12.23.23 UTC 04:16)
Jaron Lanier says,
"A core technical difference between a Nelsonian network and what we have become familiar with online is that [Nelson's] network links were two-way instead of one-way." (Who Owns the Future, 2013)
The rest of this post is some quotes from Nelson.
 

Hypertext


"Let me introduce the word 'hypertext' to mean a body of written or pictorial material interconnected in such a way that it could not conveniently be presented or represented on paper." (Proceedings of the 20th National Conference of the Association of Computing Machinery, 1965)

"The four walls of paper are like a prison because every idea wants to spring out in all directions - everything is connected with everything else, sometimes more than others." (AZQuotes.com)

"So that notion of hypertext seemed to me immediately obvious because footnotes were already the ideas wriggling, struggling to get free, like a cat trying to get out of your arms." (AZquotes.com)

List of history level 3 vital articles on Wikipedia (non-region/subject)

This post is a list of history level 3 vital articles on Wikipedia (non-region/subject) as of December 24th, 2023. There are 60 articles listed below. Source: Wikipedia

    Prehistory
  • Prehistory
  • Stone Age
  • Early human migrations
  • Neolithic Revolution

    Ancient history
  • Ancient history
  • Bronze Age
  • Ancient Egypt
  • Indus Valley Civilization
  • Mesopotamia
  • Sumer
  • Phoenicia
  • Iron Age
  • Ancient Greece
  • Ancient Rome
  • Achaemenid Empire
  • Gupta Empire
  • Han dynasty
  • Silk Road
  • Pre-Columbian era
  • Andean civilization
  • Mesoamerica
  • Maya civilization

    Post-classical history
  • Post-classical history
  • Aztecs
  • Inca Empire
  • Islamic Golden Age
  • Middle Ages
  • Black Death
  • Byzantine Empire
  • Crusades
  • Holy Roman Empire
  • Viking Age
  • Mongol Empire
  • Ottoman Empire
  • Tang dynasty

    Modern history
  • Early modern period
  • Renaissance
  • Age of Discovery
  • European colonization of the Americas
  • Western imperialism in Asia
  • Spanish Empire
  • Reformation
  • Mughal Empire
  • Scientific Revolution
  • Age of Enlightenment
  • Late modern period
  • British Empire
  • American Revolution
  • French Revolution
  • Industrial Revolution
  • Scramble for Africa
  • World War I
  • Soviet Union
  • Great Depression
  • World War II
  • Contemporary history
  • Decolonization
  • Cold War
  • Green Revolution
  • Information Age

License: CC BY-SA 4.0

Saturday, December 23, 2023

List of level 3 vital article categories on Wikipedia

This post is a list of level 3 vital article categories on Wikipedia as of December 23rd, 2023. In total, there are 1,000 level 3 vital articles on Wikipedia. There are 11 categories listed below largest to smallest by article total. Source: Wikipedia

  • Science: 211
  • Society and social sciences: 147
  • People: 112
  • Geography: 106
  • Technology: 97
  • History: 84
  • Everyday life: 57
  • Philosophy and religion: 55
  • Arts: 45
  • Mathematics: 45
  • Health, medicine and disease: 41

License: CC BY-SA 4.0

List of level 4 vital article categories on Wikipedia

This post is a list of level 4 vital article categories on Wikipedia as of December 23rd, 2023. In total, there are 10,007 level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia. There are 11 categories listed below largest to smallest by article total. Source: Wikipedia

  • People: 1,989
  • Biological and health sciences: 1,481
  • Geography: 1,202
  • Physical sciences: 1,102
  • Society and social sciences: 928
  • Technology: 739
  • History: 688
  • Arts: 673
  • Everyday life: 473
  • Philosophy and religion: 432
  • Mathematics: 300

License: CC BY-SA 4.0

List of level 5 vital article categories on Wikipedia

This post is a list of level 5 vital article categories on Wikipedia as of December 23rd, 2023. In total, there are 50,200 level 5 vital articles on Wikipedia. There are 11 categories listed below largest to smallest by article total. Source: Wikipedia

  • People: 15,620
  • Geography: 5,304
  • Biological and health sciences: 5,258
  • Physical sciences: 4,886
  • Society and social sciences: 4,266
  • Arts: 3,321
  • History: 3,302
  • Technology: 3,184
  • Everyday life: 2,413
  • Philosophy and religion: 1,417
  • Mathematics: 1,229

License: CC BY-SA 4.0

Friday, December 22, 2023

Collection of Cure songs

This post is a collection of Cure songs. There 4 songs listed below alphabetically.

  • A Forest
  • Friday I'm in Love
  • Just Like Heaven
  • Lovesong

Collection of Jay-Z songs

This post is a collection of Jay-Z songs. There are 4 songs listed below alphabetically.

  • 99 Problems
  • Dirt Off Your Shoulder
  • Empire State Of Mind
  • Hard Knock Life

Collection of Ulrich Schnauss songs

This post is a collection of songs by Ulrich Schnauss. There are 4 songs listed below alphabetically.

  • A Strangely Isolated Place
  • Goodbye
  • Molfsee
  • Wherever You Are

Collection of Kaskade songs

This post is a collection of Kaskade songs. There are 8 songs listed below alphabetically.

  • 4 AM
  • Angel On My Shoulder
  • Be Still
  • Eyes
  • Raining
  • Room for Happiness
  • Sorry
  • Turn It Down

List of United States presidents (images)

This post is a list of United States presidents as of December 22nd, 2023. There are 46 presidents below chronologically.

1. George Washington (1789-1797)



2. John Adams (1797-1801)



3. Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)



4. James Madison (1809-1817)



5. James Monroe (1817-1825)



6. John Quincy Adams (1825-1829)



7. Andrew Jackson (1829-1837)



8. Martin Van Buren (1837-1841)



9. William Henry Harrison (1841-1841)



10. John Tyler (1841-1845)



11. James K. Polk (1845-1849)



12. Zachary Taylor (1849-1850)



13. Millard Fillmore (1850-1853)



14. Franklin Pierce (1853-1857)



15. James Buchanan (1857-1861)



16. Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865)



17. Andrew Johnson (1865-1869)



18. Ulysses S. Grant (1869-1877)



19. Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881)



20. James A. Garfield (1881-1881)



21. Chester A. Arthur (1881-1885)



22. Grover Cleveland (1885-1889)



23. Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893)



24. Grover Cleveland (1893-1897)



25. William McKinley (1897-1901)



26. Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909)



27. William Howard Taft (1909-1913)



28. Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921)



29. Warren G. Harding (1921-1923)



30. Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929)



31. Herbert Hoover (1929-1933)



32. Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1945)



33. Harry S. Truman (1945-1953)



34. Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961)



35. John F. Kennedy (1961-1963)



36. Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969)



37. Richard Nixon (1969-1974)



38. Gerald Ford (1974-1977)



39. Jimmy Carter (1977-1981)



40. Ronald Reagan (1981-1989)



41. George H. W. Bush (1989-1993)



42. Bill Clinton (1993-2001)



43. George W. Bush (2001-2009)



44. Barack Obama (2009-2017)



45. Donald Trump (2017-2021)



46. Joe Biden (2021-now)

Sunday, December 17, 2023

Collection of VHS LOGOS songs

This post is a collection of VHS LOGOS songs. There are 8 songs listed below.

  • 50% OFF
  • Acapulco
  • Chimerical
  • Dial 89,3
  • Dreams
  • Feeling
  • Vegas
  • Verano

Collection of Zero 7 songs

This post a collection of Zero 7 songs. There are 4 songs listed below alphabetically.

  • Destiny
  • Distractions
  • In The Waiting Line
  • Somersault

Collection of Cranberries songs

This post is a list of Cranberries songs. There are 4 songs listed below.

  • Dreams
  • Linger
  • When You're Gone
  • Zombie

Collection of Ace of Base songs

This post is a collection of Ace of Base songs. There are 4 songs listed below alphabetically.

  • All That She Wants
  • Beautiful Life
  • Cruel Summer
  • The Sign

Wednesday, December 6, 2023

Collection of notes about information: January 2023 - November 2023

This post a collection of notes about information I wrote between January 2023 and November 2023. Many quotes are slightly revised from the original version for grammar and suitability. There are 55 quotes listed below chronologically. Relevant link: Information blogging guidelines (IBG)

1. "IBG could be a decentralized club with admission being open to anyone who uses the style. It can be a way to create a new internet." (1.11.23)

2. "Who exactly you get information from is important. Sometimes you want to listen to humans instead of AI." (1.16.23)

3. "Picking the best AI written articles should be a human task." (1.31.23)

4. "I want a knowledgeable person picking the best version of an article than a non-educated person or an AI." (1.31.23)

5. "People will always want to communicate and express themselves..." (2.1.23)

6. "Humans will always want to organize information in a way that is clear to them." (2.2.23)

7. "Lists of curated links would be useful." (2.8.23)

8. "Innovations in school technology is usually overall good." (3.4.23)

9. "The internet needs more yellow pages to help organize information." (3.5.23)

10. "I want to see greater focus on making single static webpages for displaying information and text. I want to see networks and collections of independently created pages." (3.15.23)

11. "IBG is useful for collecting citations." (3.20.23)

12. "Humanity should not give up on finding clear explanations and educational tools." (3.20.23)

13. "The internet today is too amorphous. I like the static-ness of Wikipedia." (3.20.23)

14. "I believe IBG is well suited to make communities online. We need to make lists and sites to make it more collaborative and community based." (5.30.23)

15. "I believe the internet and communication can get humanity closer to knowledge and the truth. Information is needed and we need to analyze the information." (6.10.23)

16. "Organizing the principles of a topic is something I want a human doing rather than AI. I want an expert telling me how they look at a topic or at least verifying AI results." (6.21.23)

17. "I am more focused on breaking knowledge into smaller pieces than what Wikipedia does with articles." (6.22.23)

18."To truly organize the world's information, we would need to incorporate decentralization and alternative beliefs." (6.26.23)

19. "I want the internet to go back to more of a focus on document sharing." (7.1.23)

20. "The idea is that we can take principles of information and chunks and combine them into larger systems. To do that you need consistency across chunks that requires rules or standards to aim for." (7.2.23)

21. "Sometimes you want stable representations to refer to when you need them." (7.6.23)

22. "We live in a world of information overload and minimalism can be useful to address this issue." (7.22.23)

23. "The gatekeepers will be essential for handling misinformation and keeping out bad information." (8.8.23)

24. "We want a Google-like search engine with only quality webpages... or at least the consistency and reliability of Wikipedia. Maybe, it's not a search engine, but a web portal of links." (8.8.23)

25. "Google is for retrieval of information rather than organizing it. Wikipedia is more for organizing. But we still need a tool that organizes and shows the overall structure and limits of the available world." (8.17.23)

26. "By mapping and organizing the world's information, we can better understand what is true and get a closer look at the evidence that is available." (8.27.23)

27. "The organization of knowledge is itself a type of knowledge." (8.27.23)

28. "We need a standard for collecting all types of facts, pieces of information and knowledge, a center of gravity and willing editors who want to follow the standards for collecting." (9.7.23)

29. "We want something with the organization and simplicity of Wikipedia but is unlimited in material and voices. The need for this can be seen in the messiness of the web." (9.7.23)

30. "Wikipedia and IBG are both collecting systems." (9.4.23)

31. "We need to make monuments devoted to our information and knowledge." (9.10.23)

32. "I want to see the internet be more like a network of museums." (9.11.23)

33. "I just want to emphasize that to organize the world's information we need a consistent method of chunking." (9.14.23)

34. "Wikipedia is great for organizing information into a single answer with no redundancy. The rest of the internet is scattered and doesn't have cooperation systems for collecting information." (9.16.23)

35. "YouTube has shown us that there is far more information online than what is contained in Wikipedia. Figuring out how to organize that information is what IBG is for. Google also shows us the vast scale of information online." (9.16.23)

36. "I know all of my posts can be improved. I want to see others make better versions of what I'm doing." (9.17.23)

37. "One of the best things about having a personal reference tool is that it doesn't change and morph without my knowing. The internet is always shifting around. It gives solid ground to stand on." (9.18.23)

38. "Using the same guidelines can act as the glue between various URLs." (9.23.23)

39. "Search engines do not organize information. You need directories and lists to do that." (9.23.23)

40. "IBG creates a platform for competition to create clearer chunks of information." (9.23.23)

41. "Wikipedia is good for some things and bad for other things." (9.24.23)

42. "We need something that does what Wikipedia does, but with more personal control." (9.25.23)

43. "If you have different URLs working together on something they are more likely to link to each other." (9.25.23)

44. "I want to encourage people to make the information webpages they wish existed." (9.25.23)

45. "Sometimes you just want information communicated to you in a certain way and not in a random confusing way." (10.2.23)

46. "I hope to establish a diverse environment of minimalistic information webpages." (10.4.23)

47. "When you organize something, you often can see new patterns." (10.25.23)

48. "I think everyone knows [Wikipedia articles] don't allow for individual voices and free speech. Today that is the role of the rest of the internet and news and everything else. We need a structure to unify everything else in a way that is more just and reasonable than what we have today." (10.31.23)

49. "It's not just about standards but also styles can have a similar effect." (11.2.23)

50. "I stand for the rebels because I believe in diverse voices, creative works and expertise." (11.2.23)

51. "Wikipedia has great webpages because it has thousands of editors and that's why it's so useful. It has that much work put into it. I think the good intentions of people outweigh the bad forces and the rules mostly work. But it's also mob rule so its bound to be biased." (11.2.23)

52. "I believe individuals creating directories and curated web portals is a large part of the solution to decentralizing information online. Creating standards is a method to unify different sources by definition." (11.16.23)

53. "Listing information can help us organize the world's information." (11.19.23)

54. "The big challenge is how can we decentralize the internet into a web? How can we figure out how to keep websites from different URLs 'united' or 'connected' when there is a strong tendency to separate and go in different directions?" (11.22.23)

55. "A search engine is a hub and spoke model. We need to improve our practices for how we can create webs." (11.26.23)

License: CC BY-SA 4.0