Monday, January 30, 2023

List of basketball posts

This post is a list basketball posts. There are 32 posts listed below chronologically and by topic.

    Points statistics
    Rebound statistics
    Steal statistics
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List of NFL posts

This post is posts about the NFL. There are 21 posts listed below chronologically and by topic.

    Passing statistics
    Rushing statistics
    Miscellaneous NFL
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List of chemistry posts

This post is a list of chemistry posts for this blog. There are 9 posts listed below chronologically and by topic.

    History of chemistry
    Miscellaneous chemistry
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List of baseball posts

This post is a list of baseball posts for this blog. There are 50 posts listed below chronologically and by topic.

    Hitting statistics
  1. List of baseball hitters with 500 career home runs
  2. List of baseball hitters with 3,000 career hits
  3. List of baseball hitters with at least 50 home runs in a season
  4. List of baseball hitters with at least 150 RBI in a season
  5. List of baseball hitters with 4 home runs in a game
  6. List of baseball hitters with at least 10 RBI in a game
  7. List of baseball hitters with at least 15 career grand slams
  8. List of baseball hitters with at least 150 walks in a season
  9. List of baseball hitters with at least 1,500 career walks
  10. List of baseball hitters with at least .400 batting average in a season
  11. List of baseball hitters with at least 1,800 career RBI
  12. List of baseball hitters with at least 1,800 career runs
  13. List of baseball hitters with at least .500 on-base percentage in a season
  14. List of baseball hitters with at least .420 career on-base percentage
  15. List of baseball hitters with at least .310 career batting average
  16. List of baseball hitters with at least 240 hits in a season
  17. Collection of Willie Mays career statistics
  18. Collection of Babe Ruth career statistics
  19. Collection of Tony Gwynn career statistics
  20. Collection of Edgar Martinez career statistics
  21. Collection of Ted Williams career statistics
  22. Collection of Ty Cobb career statistics
  23. Collection of Josh Gibson career statistics
    Pitching statistics
    Stolen base statistics
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Sunday, January 29, 2023

List of astronomy posts

This post is a list of astronomy posts for this blog. There are 18 posts listed below chronologically and by topic.

     Celestial objects
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List of politics posts

This post is a list of politics posts for this blog. There are 19 posts listed below chronologically and by topic.

    Current events
    Political issues
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List of mathematics posts

This post is a list of mathematics posts for this blog. There are 15 posts listed below chronologically and by topic.

    History of mathematics
    Miscellaneous mathematics
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Saturday, January 28, 2023

Collection of popular baseball pitches

This post is a collection of popular baseball pitches. There are 7 pitches listed below alphabetically. Source: Wikipedia

  • Changeup
  • Curveball
  • Cutter
  • Fastball
  • Knuckleball
  • Sinker
  • Slider
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Monday, January 23, 2023

Collection of quotes about integrated circuit technology

This post is a collection of quotes about integrated circuit technology. There are 5 quotes listed below. License: CC BY-SA 3.0

1. "Integrated circuit design involves the creation of electronic components, such as transistors, resistors, capacitors and the interconnection of these components onto a piece of semiconductor, typically silicon." (Wikipedia: Integrated circuit design, 1.11.23 UTC 11:26)

2. "Digital integrated circuits can contain billions of logic gates, flip-flops, multiplexers, and other circuits in a few square millimeters." (Wikipedia: Integrated circuit, 1.22.23 UTC 09:29)

3. "Very-large-scale integration was made practical by technological advancements in metal-oxide-silicon (MOS) semiconductor device fabrication." (Wikipedia: Integrated circuit, 1.22.23 UTC 09:29)

4. "Semiconductor ICs are fabricated in a planar process which includes three key process steps - photolithography, deposition (such as chemical vapor deposition), and etching." (Wikipedia: Integrated circuit, 1.22.23 UTC 09:29)

5. "A random-access memory is the most regular type of integrated circuit; the highest density devices are thus memories; but even a microprocessor will have memory on the chip." (Wikipedia: Integrated circuit, 1.22.23 UTC 09:29)
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Saturday, January 21, 2023

Collection of quotes about operating systems

This post is a collection of quotes about operating systems. There are 4 quotes listed below. License: CC BY-SA 3.0

1. "An operating system is a system software that manages computer hardware, software resources, and provides common services for computer programs." (Wikipedia: Operating system, 1.11.23 UTC 06:17)

2. "A single-tasking system can only run one program at a time, while a multi-tasking operating system allows more than one program to be running concurrently. This is achieved by time-sharing, where the available processor time is divided between multiple processes." (Wikipedia: Operating system, 1.11.23 UTC 06:17)

3. "...the kernel provides the most basic level of control over all of the computer's hardware devices. It manages memory access for programs in the RAM, it determines which programs get access to which hardware resources, it sets up or resets the CPU's operating states for optimal operation at all times, and it organizes the data for long-term non-volatile storage with file systems on such media as disks, tapes, flash memory, etc." (Wikipedia: Operating system, 1.11.23 UTC 06:17)

4. "The user interface is usually referred to as a shell and is essential if human interaction is t be supported." (Wikipedia: Operating system, 1.11.23 UTC 06:17)
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Collection of quotes about CSS

This post is a collection of quotes about CSS (initially released in 1996). There are 3 quotes listed below. License: CC BY-SA 3.0

1. "Before CSS, nearly all presentational attributes of HTML documents were contained within the HTML markup... CSS lets authors move much of that information to another file, the style sheet, resulting in considerably simpler HTML." (Wikipedia: CSS, 1.14.23 UTC 11:01)

2. "CSS allows the separation of presentation from structure. CSS can define color, font, text, alignment, size, borders, spacing, layout and many other typographic characteristics, and can do so independently for on-screen and printed views." (Wikipedia: CSS, 1.14.23 UTC 11:01)

3. "When CSS is used effectively, in terms of inheritance and 'cascading', a global style sheet can be used to affect and style elements site-wide." (Wikipedia: CSS, 1.14.23 UTC 11:01)
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Collection of quotes about computer programming

This post is a collection of quotes about computer programming. There are 4 quotes listed below. License: CC BY-SA 3.0

1. "Computer programming is the process of performing a particular computation (or more generally, accomplishing a specific computing result), usually by designing and building an executable computer program." (Wikipedia: Computer programming, 1.17.23 UTC 16:45)

2. "The first computer program is generally dated to 1843, when mathematician Ada Lovelace published an algorithm to calculate a sequence of Bernoulli numbers, intended to be carried out by Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine." (Wikipedia: Computer programming, 1.17.23 UTC 16:45)

3. "Programs were mostly entered using punched cards or paper tape. By the late 1960s, data storage devices and computer terminals became inexpensive enough that programs could be created by typing directly into the computers. Text editors were also developed that allowed changes and corrections to be made much more easily than with punched cards." (Wikipedia: Computer programming, 1.17.23 UTC 16:45)

4. "Different programming languages support different styles of programming (called programming paradigms). The choice of language used is subject to many considerations, such as company policy, suitability to task, availability of third-party packages, or individual preference." (Wikipedia: Computer programming, 1.17.23 UTC 16:45)
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Collection of basic HTML tags

This post is a collection of HTML tags. There are 18 tags listed below alphabetically.

  • Body: <body> </body>
  • Bullet list: <ul> </ul>
  • Bold: <b> </b>
  • Font: <p style="color:blue;"> </p>
  • Heading: <h1> </h1>
  • Horizontal line: <hr>
  • Hyperlink: <a href=" "> </a>
  • Image: <img style= " " scr=" " alt=" " width=" " height=" ">
  • Italics: <i> </i>
  • Line break: <br>
  • Metadata about the page: <head> </head>
  • Numbered list: <ol> </ol>
  • Paragraph: <p> </p>
  • Sub heading: <h2> </h2>, <h3> </h3>, etc.
  • Table: <table> </table>
  • Table cell: <td> </td>
  • Table row: <tr> </tr>
  • Underline: <u> </u>
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Collection of quotes about Smalltalk

This post is a collection of quotes about Smalltalk (initially released in 1972). There are 4 quotes listed below. License: CC BY-SA 3.0

1. "Smalltalk was the product of research led by Alan Kay at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC)..." (Wikipedia: Smalltalk, 1.17.23 UTC 09:31)

2. "Smalltalk is a 'pure' object-oriented programming language, meaning that, unlike C++ and Java, there is no difference between values which are objects and values which are primitive types. In Smalltalk, primitive values such as integers, booleans and characters are also objects..." (Wikipedia: Smalltalk, 1.17.23 UTC 09:31)

3. "Small talk was also one of the most popular languages for agile software development methods, rapid application development (RAD) or prototyping, and software design patterns." (Wikipedia: Smalltalk, 1.17.23 UTC 09:31)

4. "...the Smalltalk language and environment were highly influential in the history of the graphical user interface (GUI) and the the 'what you see is what you get' (WYSIWYG) user interface, font editors, and desktop metaphors for UI design." (Wikipedia: Smalltalk, 1.17.23 UTC 09:31)
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Collection of quotes about ALGOL

This post is a collection of quotes about ALGOL (initially released in 1958). There are 2 quotes listed below. License: CC BY-SA 3.0

1. "In the sense that the syntax of most modern languages is 'Algol-like', it was arguably more influential than three other high-level programming languages among which it was roughly contemporary: FORTRAN, Lisp and COBOL." (Wikipedia: ALGOL, 10.23.22 UTC 09:20)

2. "ALGOL introduced code blocks and the 'begin' ... 'end' pairs for delimiting them. It was also the first language implementing nested function definitions with lexical scope." (Wikipedia: ALGOL, 10.23.22 UTC 09:20)
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Collection of quotes about COBOL

This post is a collection of quotes about COBOL (initially released in 1959). There are 3 quotes listed below. License: CC BY-SA 3.0

1. "[COBOL] was created as part of a US Department of Defense effort to create a portable programming language for data processing." (Wikipedia: COBOL, 1.4.23 UTC 16:55)

2. "COBOL is still widely used in applications deployed on mainframe computers, such as large-scale batch and transaction processing jobs." (Wikipedia: COBOL, 1.4.23 UTC 16:55)

3. "...much important legacy COBOL software uses unstructured code, which has become unmaintainable. It can be too risky and costly to modify even a simple section of code, since it may be used from unknown places in unknown ways." (Wikipedia: COBOL, 1.4.23 UTC 16:55)
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Collection of quotes about Lisp

This post is a collection of quotes about Lisp (initially released in 1960). There are 3 quotes listed below. License: CC BY-SA 3.0

1. "As one of the earliest programming languages, Lisp pioneered many ideas in computer science, including tree data structures, automatic storage management, dynamic typing, conditionals, higher-order functions, recursion, the self-hosting compiler, and the read-eval-print loop." (Wikipedia: Lisp (programming language), 1.5.23 UTC 12:45)

2. "Lisp was the first language where the structure of program code is represented faithfully and directly in a standard data structure - a quality much later dubbed 'homoiconicity'. Thus, Lisp functions can be manipulated, altered or even created within a Lisp program without lower-level manipulations." (Wikipedia: Lisp (programming language), 1.5.23 UTC 12:45)

3. "Since inception, Lisp was closely connected with the artificial intelligence research community, especially on PDP-10 systems." (Wikipedia: Lisp (programming language), 1.5.23 UTC 12:45)
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Collection of quotes about ASCII

This post is a collection of quotes about ASCII (initially released in 1963). There are 2 quotes listed below. License: CC BY-SA 3.0

1. "Originally based on the (modern) English alphabet, ASCII encodes 128 specific characters into seven-bit integers... Ninety-five of the encoded characters are printable: these include the digits 0 to 9, lowercase letters a to z, uppercase letters A to Z, and punctuation symbols." (Wikipedia: ASCII, 1.12.23 UTC 18:18)

2. "All modern computer systems instead use Unicode, which has millions of code points, but the first 128 of these are the same as the ASCII set." (Wikipedia: ASCII, 1.12.23 UTC 18:18)
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Collection of quotes about binary code

This post is a collection of quotes about binary code. There are 5 quotes listed below. License: CC BY-SA 3.0

1. "The two-symbol system used is often '0' and '1' from the binary number system. The binary code assigns a pattern of binary digits, also known as bits, to each character, instruction, etc." (Wikipedia: Binary code, 1.10.23 UTC 22:34)

2. "In computing and telecommunications, binary codes are used for various methods of encoding data, such as character strings, into bit strings." (Wikipedia: Binary code, 1.10.23 UTC 22:34)

3. "The bit represents a logical state with on of two possible values." (Wikipedia: Bit, 01.17.23 UTC 01:00)

4. "The modern binary number system, the basis for binary code, was invented by Gottfried Leibniz in 1689..." (Wikipedia: Binary code, 1.10.23 UTC 22:34)

5. "In 1937, Shannon wrote his master's thesis, A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits, which implemented his findings. Shannon's thesis became a starting point for the use of the binary code in practical applications such as computers, electric circuits, and more." (Wikipedia: Binary code, 1.10.23 UTC 22:34)
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Collection of quotes about assembly language

This post is a collection of quotes about assembly language. There are 3 quotes listed below. License: CC BY-SA 3.0

1. "Assembly language... is any low-level programming language with a very strong correspondence between the instructions in the language and the architecture's machine code instructions." (Wikipedia: Assembly language, 12.29.22 UTC 22:05)

2. "Assembly code is converted into executable machine code by a utility program referred to as an assembler." (Wikipedia: Assembly language, 12.29.22 UTC 22:05)

3. "In the first decades of computing, it was commonplace for both systems programming and application programming to take place entirely in assembly language. While still irreplaceable for some purposes, the majority of programming is now conducted in higher-level interpreted and compiled languages." (Wikipedia: Assembly language, 12.29.22 UTC 22:05)
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Friday, January 20, 2023

Collection of quotes about TensorFlow

This post is a collection of quotes about TensorFlow (initially released in 2015). There are 3 quotes listed below. License: CC BY-SA 3.0

1. "TensorFlow serves as the core platform and library for machine learning. TensorFlow's APIs use Keras to allow users to make their own machine learning models. In addition to building and training their model, TensorFlow Serving." (Wikipedia: TensorFlow, 1.20.23 UTC 08:37)

2. "AutoDifferntiation is the process of automatically calculating the gradient vector of a model with respect to each of its parameters. With this feature, TensorFlow can automatically compute the gradients for the parameters in a model, which is useful to algorithms such as backpropagation which require gradients to optimize performance." (Wikipedia: TensorFlow, 1.20.23 UTC 08:37)

3. "TensorFlow can be used in a wide variety of programming languages, including Python, JavaScript, C++, and Java. This flexibility lends itself to a range of applications in many different sectors." (Wikipedia: TensorFlow, 1.20.23 UTC 08:37)
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Collection of quotes about Visual Basic

This post is a collection of quotes about Visual Basic (initially released in 1991). There are 3 quotes listed below. License: CC BY-SA 3.0

1. "Programmers can create both simple and complex GUI applications. Programming [Visual Basic] is a combination of visually arranging components or controls on a form, specifying attributes and actions for those components, and writing additional lines of code for more functionality." (Wikipedia: Visual Basic (classic), 1.5.23 UTC 02:23)

2. "Forms are created using drag-and-drop techniques. A tool is used to place controls (e.g. text boxes, buttons, etc.) on the form (window)." (Wikipedia: Visual Basic (classic), 1.5.23 UTC 02:23)

3. "Visual Basic can create executables (EXE files), ActiveX controls, or DLL files, but is primarily used to develop Windows applications and to interface with database systems." (Wikipedia: Visual Basic (classic), 1.5.23 UTC 02:23)
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Collection of quotes about NumPy

This post is a collection of quotes about NumPy (initially released in 2006). There are 3 quotes listed below. License: CC BY-SA 3.0

1. "The Python programming language was not originally designed for numerical computing, but attracted the attention of the scientific and engineering community early on." (Wikipedia: NumPy, 1.10.23 UTC 18:00)

2. "In 2005, Travis Oliphant created NumPy by incorporating features of the competing Numarray into Numeric, with extensive modifications." (Wikipedia: NumPy, 1.10.23 UTC 18:00)

3. "NumPy targets the CPython reference implementation of Python, which is a non-optimizing bytecode interpreter. Mathematical algorithms written for this version of Python often run much slower than compiled equivalents due to the absence of compiler optimization. NumPy address the slowness problem partly by providing multidimensional arrays and functions and operators that operate efficiently on arrays; using these requires rewriting some code, mostly inner loops, using NumPy." (Wikipedia: NumPy, 1.10.23 UTC 18:00)
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Collection of quotes about C#

This post is a collection of quotes about C# (initially released in 2000). There are 4 quotes listed below. License: CC BY-SA 3.0

1. "By design, C# is the programming language that most directly reflects the underlying Common Language Infrastructure (CLI)." (Wikipedia: C Sharp, 1.20.23 UTC 22:57)

2. "C# encompasses static typing, strong typing, lexically scoped, imperative, declarative, functional, generic, object-oriented (class-based), and component-oriented programming disciplines." (Wikipedia: C Sharp, 1.20.23 UTC 22:57)

3. "[C#] is intended for use in developing software components suitable for deployment in distributed environments." (Wikipedia: C Sharp, 1.20.23 UTC 22:57)

4. "The C# programming language was designed by Anders Hejlsberg from Microsoft in 2000..." (Wikipedia: C Sharp, 1.20.23 UTC 22:57)
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Collection of quotes about PHP

This post is a collection of quotes about PHP (initially released in 1995). There are 3 quotes listed below. License: CC BY-SA 3.0

1. "PHP is a general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited to server-side web development, in which case PHP generally runs on a web server. Any PHP code in a request file is executed by the PHP runtime, usually to create dynamic web page content or dynamic images used on websites or elsewhere." (Wikipedia: PHP, 1.19.23 UTC 08:00)

2. "PHP... offers well defined ways for embedding itself into other software projects. That way PHP can be easily used as an internal scripting language for another project, also providing tight interfacing with the project's specific internal data structure." (Wikipedia: PHP, 1.19.23 UTC 08:00)

3. "The standard PHP interpreter, powered by the Zend Engine, is free software released under the PHP License. PHP has been widely ported and can be deployed on most web servers on a variety of operating systems and platforms." (Wikipedia: PHP, 1.19.23 UTC 08:00)
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Collection of quotes about Ruby

This post is a collection of quotes about Ruby (initially released in 1995). There are 4 quotes listed below. License: CC BY-SA 3.0

1. "Matsumoto describes the design of Ruby as being like a simple Lisp language at its core, with an object system like that of Smalltalk, blocks inspired by higher-order functions, and practical utility like that of Perl." (Wikipedia: Ruby (programming language), 1.20.23 UTC 05:35)

2. "Ruby is object-oriented: every value is an object, including classes and instances of types that many other languages designate as primitives (such as integers, booleans and 'null')." (Wikipedia: Ruby (programming language), 1.20.23 UTC 05:35)

3. "Ruby is dynamically typed and uses garbage collection and just-in-time compilation. It supports multiple procedural, object-oriented, and functional programming." (Wikipedia: Ruby (programming language), 1.20.23 UTC 05:35)

4. "The syntax of Ruby programming language is broadly similar to that of Perl and Python. Class and method definitions are signaled by keywords, whereas code blocks can be defined by either keywords or braces." (Wikipedia: Ruby syntax: 3.7.22 UTC 01:33)
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Collection of quotes about Rust

This post is a collection of quotes about Rust (initially released in 2015). There are 3 quotes listed below. License: CC BY-SA 3.0

1. "Rust aims to support concurrent systems programming, which has inspired a feature set with an emphasis on safety, control of memory layout, and concurrency." (Wikipedia: Rust (programming language), 1.20.23 UTC 14:40)

2. "Rust enforces memory safety - that is, that all references point to valid memory - without requiring the use of a garbage collector or reference counting present in other memory-safe languages." (Wikipedia: Rust (programming language), 1.20.23 UTC 14:40)

3. "Rust provides two 'modes': safe and unsafe. The safe mode is the 'normal' one, in which most Rust is written. In unsafe mode, the developer is responsible for the correctness of the code, making it possible to create applications which require low-level features." (Wikipedia: Rust (programming language), 1.20.23 UTC 14:40)
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Thursday, January 19, 2023

Collection of quotes about Pascal

This post is a collection of quotes about Pascal (initially released in 1970). There are 3 quotes listed below. License: CC BY-SA 3.0

1. "On top of ALGOL's scalars and arrays, Pascal enables defining complex datatypes and building dynamic and recursive data structures such as lists, trees and graphs... Unlike C (and most languages in the C-family), Pascal allows nested procedure definitions to any level of depth, and also allows most kinds of definitions and declarations inside subroutines (procedures and functions)." (Wikipedia: Pascal (programming language), 1.8.23 UTC 14:44)

2. "A key platform was the Apple II, where it saw widespread use as Apple Pascal. This led to Pascal becoming the primary high-level language used for development in the Apple Lisa, and later, the Macintosh." (Wikipedia: Pascal (programming language), 1.8.23 UTC 14:44)

3. "[Pascal] was displaced by the C programming language during the late 1980s and early 1990s as UNIX-based systems became popular, and especially with the release of C++." (Wikipedia: Pascal (programming language), 1.8.23 UTC 14:44)
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Collection of quotes about BASIC

This post is a collection of quotes about BASIC (initially released in 1964). There are 5 quotes listed below. License: CC BY-SA 3.0

1. "[BASIC] was heavily patterned on FORTRAN II; statements were one-to-a-line, numbers were used to indicate the target of loops and branches, and many of the commands were similar or identical to Fortran. However, the syntax was changed whenever it could be improved." (Wikipedia: BASIC, 1.4.23 UTC 16:46)

2. "Initially, BASIC concentrated on supporting straightforward mathematical work, with matrix arithmetic support from its initial implementation as a batch language, and character string function being added by 1965." (Wikipedia: BASIC, 1.4.23 UTC 16:46)

3. "The emergence of BASIC took place as part of a wider movement towards time-sharing systems." (Wikipedia: BASIC, 1.4.23 UTC 16:46)

4. "In computing, time-sharing is the sharing of a computing resource among many users at the same time by means of multiprogramming and multi-tasking." (Wikipedia: Time-sharing, 12.5.22 UTC 16:30)

5. "...BASIC was one of the few languages that was both high-level enough to be usable by those without training and small enough to fit into the microcomputers of the day, making it the de facto standard programming language on early microcomputers." (Wikipedia: BASIC, 1.4.23 UTC 16:46)
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Collection of quotes about Fortran

This post is a collection of quotes about Fortran (initially released in 1957). There are 5 quotes listed below. License: CC BY-SA 3.0

1. "Successive versions have added support for structured programming and processing of character-based data (FORTRAN 77), array programming, modular programming and generic programming (Fortran 90), High Performance Fortran (Fortran 95), object-oriented programming (Fortran 2003), concurrent programming (Fortran 2008), and native parallel computing capabilities (Coarray Fortran 2008/2018)." (Wikipedia: Fortran, 1.16.23 UTC 09:04)

2. "[Fortran] is the primary language for some of the most intensive super-computing tasks, such as in astronomy, climate modeling, computational chemistry, computational economics, computational fluid dynamics, computational physics, data analysis, hydrological modeling, numerical linear algebra and numerical libraries (LAPACK, IMSL and NAG), optimization, satellite simulation, structural engineering and weather prediction." (Wikipedia: Fortran, 1.16.23 UTC 09:04)

3. "In late 1953, John W. Backus submitted a proposal to his superiors at IBM to develop a more practical alternative to assembly language for programming their IBM 704 mainframe computer." (Wikipedia: Fortran, 1.16.23 UTC 09:04)

4. "Portability was a problem in the early days because there was no agreed upon standard - not even IBM's reference manual - computer companies vied to differentiate their offerings from others by providing incompatible features." (Wikipedia: Fortran, 1.16.23 UTC 09:04)

5. "...facilities for inter-operation with C were added to Fortran 2003 and enhanced by the ISO/IEC technical specification 29113, which was incorporated into Fortran 2018 to allow more flexible interoperation with other programming languages." (Wikipedia: Fortran, 1.16.23 UTC 09:04)
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Wednesday, January 18, 2023

Collection of quotes about MS-DOS

This post is a collection of quotes about MS-DOS (initially released in 1981). There are 4 quotes listed below. License: CC BY-SA 3.0

1. "MS-DOS was the main operating system for IBM PC compatibles during the 1980s, from which point it was gradually superseded by operating systems offering a graphical user interface (GUI)..." (Wikipedia: MS-DOS, 1.17.23 UTC 15:49)

2. "MS-DOS was a renamed form of 86-DOS - owned by Seattle Computer Products, written by Tim Paterson." (Wikipedia: MS-DOS, 1.17.23 UTC 15:49)

3. "[MS-DOS] was designed to be an OS that could run on any 8086-family computer. Each computer would have its own distinct hardware and its own version of MS-DOX, similar to the situation that existed for CP/M, and with MS-DOS emulating the same solution as CP/M to adapt for different hardware platforms." (Wikipedia: MS-DOS, 1.17.23 UTC 15:49)

4. "All versions of Microsoft Windows have had an MS-DOS or MS-DOS-like command-line interface called MS-DOS Prompt which redirected input to MS-DOS and output from MS-DOS to the MS-DOS Prompt, or, in later versions, Command Prompt." (Wikipedia: MS-DOS, 1.17.23 UTC 15:49)
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Collection of quotes about SQL

This post is a collection of quotes about SQL (initially released in 1974). There are 3 quotes listed below. License: CC BY-SA 3.0

1. "SQL is designed for a specific purpose: to query data contained in a relational database. SQL is a set-based, declarative programming language, not an imperative programming language like C or BASIC." (Wikipedia: SQL, 1.19.23 UTC 03:54)

2. "Despite the existence of standards, most SQL code requires at least some changes before being ported to different database systems." (Wikipedia: SQL, 1.19.23 UTC 03:54)

3. "Originally based upon relational algebra and tuple relational calculus, SQL consists of many types of statements, which may be informally classes as sublanguages, commonly: a data query language (DQL, a data definition language (DDL), a data control language (DCL, and a data manipulation language (DML)." (Wikipedia: SQL, 1.19.23 UTC 03:54)
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Collection of quotes about Nintendo 64 technology

This post is a collection of quotes about Nintendo 64 technology (initially released in 1996). There are 6 quotes listed below. License: CC BY-SA 3.0

1. "The [Nintendo 64's] main microprocessor is a 64-bit NEC VR4300 CPU with a clock rate of 93.75 MHz and a performance of 125 MIPS." (Wikipedia: Nintendo 64, 1.18.23 UTC 20:42)

2. "Built by NEC on a 350 nm process, the VR4300 is a RISC 5-stage scalar in-order execution processor, internal 24 KB direct-mapped L1 cache (16 KB for instructions, 8 KB for data). Although a floating-point unit exists as a logical coprocessor, it shares the integer arithmetic adder and shifter, meaning that floating-point instructions will stall the integer pipeline." (Wikipedia: Nintendo 64 technical specifications, 10.25.22 UTC 13:14)

3. "Nintendo 64's graphics and audio duties are performed by... the Reality Coprocessor, or RCP. The RCP is a 62.5 MHz chip split internally into two major components, the Reality Display Processor (RDP) and the Reality Signal Processor (RSP)." (Wikipedia: Nintendo 64 technical specifications, 10.25.22 UTC 13:14)

4. "The [RDP] is a fixed-pipeline rasterized and pixel drawing engine (including Z-buffering). The RDP performs in-order rasterization and drawing or texturing of pixels in the framebuffer, with a separate memory frontend both directly accessing memory, and moving data to and from the local storage texture cache." (Wikipedia: Nintendo 64 technical specifications, 10.25.22 UTC 13:14)

5. "The RSP is a MIPS R4000-based 128-bit integer vector processor... It is programmable through microcode, allowing the chip's functions to be significantly altered by each software title if necessary, to allow for different types of work, precision, and workloads." (Wikipedia: Nintendo 64 technical specifications, 10.25.22 UTC 13:14)

6. "The console uses high-bandwidth but high-latency Rambus DRAM. It is hosted from the Reality Coprocessor (RCP) having an internal interconnect across the [RSP], [RDP] and the IO (including microprocessor) interfaces." (Wikipedia: Nintendo 64 programming characteristics, 11.27.22 UTC 12:48)
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Tuesday, January 17, 2023

Collection of quotes about C

This post is a collection of quotes about C (initially released in 1972). There are 4 quotes listed below. License: CC BY-SA 3.0

1. "A successor to the programming language B, C was originally developed at Bell Labs by Ritchie between 1972 and 1973 to construct utilities running on Unix." (Wikipedia: C (programming language), 1.17.23 UTC 15:13)

2. "[C] has become one of the most widely used programming languages, with C compilers available for practically all modern computer architectures and operating systems." (Wikipedia: C (programming language), 1.17.23 UTC 15:13)

3. "C enables programmers to create efficient implementations of algorithms and data structures, because the layer of abstraction from hardware is thin, and its overhead is low, an important criterion for computationally intensive programs." (Wikipedia: C (programming language), 1.17.23 UTC 15:13)

4. "A consequence of C's wide availability and efficiency is that compilers, libraries and interpreters of other programming languages are often implemented in C. For example, the reference implementations of Python, Perl, Ruby and PHP are written in C." (Wikipedia: C (programming language), 1.17.23 UTC 15:13)
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Collection of quotes about Unix

This post is a collection of quotes about Unix (initially released in 1971). There are 7 quotes listed below. License: CC BY-SA 3.0

1. "Unix was originally meant to be a convenient platform for programmers developing software to be run on it and on other systems, rather than for non-programmers." (Wikipedia: Unix, 1.9.23 UTC 06:44)

2. "Unix systems are characterized by a modular design that is sometimes called the 'Unix philosophy. According to this philosophy, the operating system should provide a set of simple tools, each of which performs a limited, well-defined function." (Wikipedia: Unix, 1.9.23 UTC 06:44)

3. "Unix distinguishes itself from its predecessors as the first portable operating system: almost the entire operating system is written in the C programming language, which allows Unix to operate on numerous platforms." (Wikipedia: Unix, 1.9.23 UTC 06:44)

4. "By the early 1980s, users began seeing Unix as a potentially universal operating system, suitable for computers of all sizes." (Wikipedia: Unix, 1.9.23 UTC 06:44)

5. "A problem that plagued Unix in this period was the multitude of implementations... The rivalry between vendors was called the Unix wars." (Wikipedia: History of Unix, 1.6.23 UTC 04:34)

6. "The 1988 POSIX standard initially concentrated on system C library functions beyond what was included in the forthcoming C standard; later it expanded to specify other aspects of the system environment." (Wikipedia: Unix wars, 9.9.22 UTC 12:17)

7. "Unix had a drastically simplified file model compared to many contemporary operating systems treating all kinds of files as simple byte arrays... Unix also popularized the hierarchical file system with arbitrarily nested subdirectories, originally introduced by Multics." (Wikipedia: Unix, 1.9.23 UTC 06:44)
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Collection of quotes about PyTorch

This post is a collection of quotes about PyTorch (initially released in 2016). There are 3 quotes listed below. License: CC BY-SA 3.0

1. "A number of pieces of deep learning software are built on top of PyTorch, including Tesla Autopilot, Uber's Pyro, Hugging Faces's Transformers, PyTorch Lightning, and Catalyst." (Wikipedia: PyTorch, 10.18.22 UTC 04:08)

2. "PyTorch uses a method called automatic differentiation. A recorder records what operations have performed, and then it replays it backward to compute the gradients. This method is especially powerful when building neural networks to save time on one epoch by calculating differentiation of the parameters at the forward press." (Wikipedia: PyTorch, 10.18.22 UTC 04:08)

3. "PyTorch provides two high-level features:
  • Tensor computing (like NumPy) with strong acceleration via graphics processing units (GP)
  • Deep neural networks built on a tape-based automatic differentiation system."
(Wikipedia: PyTorch, 10.18.22 UTC 04:08)
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Collection of quotes about Perl

This post is a collection of quotes about Perl (initially released in 1987). There are 5 quotes listed below. License: CC BY-SA 3.0

1. "Perl was developed by Larry Wall in 1987 as a general-purpose Unix scripting language to make report processing easier." (Wikipedia: Perl, 12.21.22 UTC 00:58)

2. "The overall structure of Perl derives broadly from C. Perl is procedural in nature, with variables, expressions, assignment statements, brace-delimited blocks, control structures, and subroutines." (Wikipedia: Perl, 12.21.22 UTC 00:58)

3. "Perl is often used as a glue language, tying together systems and interfaces that were not specifically designed to interoperate, and for 'data munging', that is, converting or processing large amounts of data for tasks such as creating reports." (Wikipedia: Perl, 12.21.22 UTC 00:58)

4. "Perl is implements as a core interpreter, written in C, together with a large collection of modules, written in Perl and C." (Wikipedia: Perl, 12.21.22 UTC 00:58)

5. "Perl's text-handling capabilities can be used for generating SQL queries; arrays, hashes, and automatic memory management make it easy to collect and process the returned data." (Wikipedia: Perl, 12.21.22 UTC 00:58)
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Collection of quotes about Java

This post is a collection of quotes about Java (initially released in 1995). There are 4 quotes listed below. License: CC BY-SA 3.0

1. "The syntax of Java is similar to C and C++, but has fewer low-level facilities than either of them." (Wikipedia: Java, 1.10.23 UTC 19:28)

2. "Java applets were programs that were embedded in other applications, typically in a Web page displayed in a web browser." (Wikipedia: Java, 1.10.23 UTC 19:28)

3."Major web browsers... incorporated the ability to run Java applets within web pages, and Java quickly became popular." (Wikipedia: Java, 1.10.23 UTC 19:28)

4."There were five primary goals in the creation of the Java language:
  1. It must be simple, object-oriented, and familiar.
  2. It must be robust and secure.
  3. It must be architecture-neutral and portable.
  4. It must execute with high performance.
  5. It must be interpreted, threaded, and dynamic."
(Wikipedia: Java, 1.10.23 UTC 19:28)
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Collection of quotes about HTML

This post is a collection of quotes about HTML (initially released in 1993). There are 5 quotes listed below. License: CC BY-SA 3.0

1. "In 1989, Berners-Lee wrote a memo proposing an Internet-based hypertext system. Berners-Lee specified HTML and wrote the browser and server software in late 1990." (Wikipedia: HTML, 12.29.22 UTC 10:00)

2. "Web browsers receive HTML documents from a web server or from local storage and render the documents into multimedia web pages." (Wikipedia: HTML, 12.29.22 UTC 10:00)

3. "HTML is a markup language that web browsers use to interpret and compose text, images, and other material into visual or audible web pages." (Wikipedia: HTML, 12.29.22 UTC 10:00)

4. "The text between '<html>' and '</html> describes the web page, and the text between '<body>' and '</body>' is the visible page content." (Wikipedia: HTML, 12.29.22 UTC 10:00)

5. "The World Wide Web is composed primarily of HTML documents transmitted from web servers to web browsers using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)." (Wikipedia: HTML, 12.29.22 UTC 10:00)
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Monday, January 16, 2023

Collection of quotes about C++

This post is a collection of quotes about C++ (initially released in 1985). There are 5 quotes listed below. License: CC BY-SA 3.0

1. "C++ was designed with systems programming and embedded, resource-constrained software and large systems in mind, with performance, efficiency, and flexibility of use as its design highlights." (Wikipedia: C++, 1.13.23 UTC 21:49)

2. "C++ has also been found useful in many other contexts, with key strengths being software infrastructure and resource-constrained applications, including desktop applications, video games, servers (e.g. e-commerce, web search, or databases), and performance-critical applications (e.g. telephone switches or space probes)." (Wikipedia: C++, 1.13.23 UTC 21:49)

3. "The C++ standard consists of two parts: the core language and the standard library." (Wikipedia: C++, 1.13.23 UTC 21:49)

4. "Before the initial standardization in 1998, C++ was developed by Stroustrup at Bell Labs since 1979 as an extension of the C language..." (Wikipedia: C++, 1.13.23 UTC 21:49)

5 ."One of the most often criticized points of C++ is its perceived complexity as a language, with the criticism that a large number of non-orthogonal features in practice necessitates restricting code to a subset of C++, thus eschewing the readability benefits of common style and idioms." (Wikipedia: C++, 1.13.23 UTC 21:49)
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Collection of quotes about JavaScript

This post is a collection of quotes about JavaScript (initially released in 1995). There are 7 quotes listed below. License: CC BY-SA 3.0

1. "As of 2022, 98% of websites use JavaScript on the client side for webpages behavior... All major web browsers have a dedicated JavaScript engine to execute the code on users' devices." (Wikipedia: JavaScript, 1.8.23 UTC 14:56)

2. "[JavaScript] is multi-paradigm, supporting event-driven, functional, and imperative programming styles. It has application programming interfaces (APIs) for working with text, dates, regular expression, standard data structures, and the Document Object Model (DOM)." (Wikipedia: JavaScript, 1.8.23 UTC 14:56)

3 . "During [the] formative years of the Web, web pages could only be static, lacking the capability for dynamic behavior after the page was loaded in the browser. There was a desire in the flourish web development scene to remove this limitation, so in 1995, Netscape decided to add a scripting language to Navigator." (Wikipedia: JavaScript, 1.8.23 UTC 14:56)

4. "ECMAScript is a JavaScript standard intended to ensure the interoperability of web pages across different browsers." (Wikipedia: ECMAScript, 1.10.23 UTC 22:26)

5. "The current JavaScript ecosystem has many libraries and frameworks, established programming practices, and substantial usage of JavaScript outside of web browsers." (Wikipedia: JavaScript, 1.8.23 UTC 14:56)

6. "Although Java and JavaScript are similar in name, syntax, and respective standard libraries, the two languages are distinct and differ greatly in design." (Wikipedia: JavaScript, 1.8.23 UTC 14:56)

7. "Examples of scripted behavior:
  • Loading new web page content without reloading the page...
  • Webpage animations... 
  • Playing browser games.
  • Controlling the playback of streaming media.
  • Generating pop-up ads or alert boxes.
  • Validating input values of a web form before data is sent to a web server.
  • Logging data about the user's behavior then sending it to a server...
  • Redirecting a user to another page.
  • Storing and retrieving data on the user's device..."
(Wikipedia: JavaScript, 1.8.23 UTC 14:56)
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Collection of quotes about Python

This post is a collection of quotes about Python (initially released in 1991). There are 5 quotes listed below. License: CC BY-SA 3.0

1. "Python is a multi-paradigm programming language. Object-oriented programming and structured programming are fully supported, and many of their features support functional programming and aspect-oriented programming (including metaprogramming and metaobjects)." (Wikipedia: Python (programming language), 1.17.23 UTC 00:30)

2. "Python strives for a simpler, less-cluttered syntax and grammar while giving developers a choice in their coding methodology." (Wikipedia: Python (programming language), 1.17.23 UTC 00:30)

3. "In contrast to Perl's 'there is more than one way to do it' motto, Python embraces a 'there should be one - and preferably only one - obvious way to do it' philosophy." (Wikipedia: Python (programming language), 1.17.23 UTC 00:30)

4. "Rather than building all of its functionality into its core, Python was designed to be highly extensible via modules... Van Rossum's vision of a small core language with a large standard library and easily extensible interpreter stemmed from his frustrations with ABC..." (Wikipedia: Python (programming language), 1.17.23 UTC 00:30)

5. "Python is commonly used in artificial intelligence projects and machine learning projects with the help of libraries like TensorFlow, Keras, Pytorch, and scikit-learn." (Wikipedia: Python (programming language), 1.17.23 UTC 00:30)
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Collection of quotes about HyperCard

This post is a collection of quotes about HyperCard (initially released in 1987). There are 4 quotes listed below. License: CC BY-SA 3.0

1. "HyperCard combines a flat-file database with a graphical, flexible, user-modifiable interface." (Wikipedia: HyperCard, 1.13.23 UTC 12:29)

2. "HyperCard is based on the concept of a 'stack' of virtual 'cards'. Cards hold data, just as they would in a Rolodex card-filing device... Users build or modify stacks by adding new cards." (Wikipedia: HyperCard, 1.13.23 UTC 12:29)

3. "HyperCard saw a loss in popularity with the growth of the World Wide Web, since the Web could handle and deliver data in much the same way as HyperCard without being limited to files on a local hard disk." (Wikipedia: HyperCard, 1.13.23 UTC 12:29)

4. "According to Ward Cunningham, the inventor of wiki, the wiki concept can be traced back to a HyperCard stack he wrote in the late 1980s." (Wikipedia: HyperCard, 1.13.23 UTC 12:29)
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Sunday, January 15, 2023

Larry Sanger and the encyclosphere

Larry Sanger is an American internet entrepreneur and philosopher best known for co-founding Wikipedia in 2001 with Jimmy Wales. Sanger left Wikipedia in 2002 and is a critic of Wikipedia. Wikipedia says,
"Sanger has worked on other online projects, including Nupedia, Encyclopedia of Earth, Citizendium, WatchKnowLearn, Reading Bear, Infobitt, Everipedia, the Knowledge Standards Foundation and the encyclosphere." (Wikipedia: Larry Sanger, 12.16.22 UTC 11:05)
The rest of this post is some quotes from Sanger.

Encyclosphere


"We need to do for encyclopedias what blogging standards did for blogs: there needs to be an 'Encyclosphere'. We should build a totally decentralized network, like the Blogosphere - or like email, IRC, blockchains, and the World Wide Web itself." (Introducing the Encyclosphere, Larry Sanger Blog, 2019)

Wikipedia


"If the project was lucky enough to have a writer or two well-informed about some specialized subject and if their work was not degraded in quality by the majority of people, whose knowledge of the subject is based on paragraphs in books and mere mentions in college classes, then there might be a good, credible article on that specialized subject." (Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism, 2004)

"It is more than just a mob now. It is a mob in the sense that there is real internal political authority being wielded and no regularized fair, democratic way of determining who should have that authority." (Interview with Nupur J. Sharma, Larry Sanger, founder of Wikipedia talks to OpIndia, 2020)
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Sunday, January 8, 2023

Collection of quotes about Lego bricks

This post is a collection of quotes about Lego bricks. There are 2 quotes listed below. License: CC BY-SA 3.0

1. "Lego pieces of all varieties constitute a universal system. Despite variation in the design and the purposes of individual pieces over the years, each piece remains compatible in some way with existing pieces." (Wikipedia: Lego, 3.3.23 UTC 00:50)

2. "Lego pieces can be assembled and connected in many ways to construct objects, including vehicles, building, and working robots. Anything constructed can be taken apart again, and the pieces reused to make new things." (Wikipedia: Lego, 3.3.23 UTC 00:50)
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Monday, January 2, 2023

Collection of quotes about the Altair 8800

This post is a collection of quotes about the Altair 8800. There are 3 quotes listed below. License: CC BY-SA 3.0

1. "The Altair is widely recognized as the spark that ignited the microcomputer revolution as the first commercially successful personal computer." (Wikipedia: Altair 8800, 12.24.22 UTC 19:58)

2. "Bill Gates recalls that, when he and Paul Allen read about the Altair in the January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics they understood that the price of computers would soon drop the point that selling software for them would be a profitable business. Gates believed that, by providing a BASIC interpreter for the new computer, they could make it more attractive to hobbyists" (Wikipedia: Altair BASIC, 10.25.22 UTC 05:39)

3. "A BASIC interpreter is an interpreter that enables users to enter and run programs in the BASIC language..." (Wikipedia: BASIC interpreter, 11.11.22 UTC 11:03)
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