List of Russian political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia)

This post is a list of Russian political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia). There are 23 political leaders listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

Sviatoslav I (c. 943 - 972 AD)

"...Prince of Kiev... persistent campaigns in the east and south, which precipitated in the collapse of two great powers in Eastern Europe, Khazaria and the First Bulgarian Empire... defeated the Alans and attacked the Volga Bulgars... expansion into the Volga River valley, the Pontic steppe, and the Balkans..." (Wikipedia: Sviatoslav I, 2.16.26 UTC 08:14)

Vladimir the Great (c. 958 - 1015 AD)

"...Prince of Novgorod from 970 and Grand Prince of Kiev from 978... father was Sviatoslav I of the Rurik dynasty... consolidated his realm to the Baltic Sea and solidified the frontiers against incursions of Bulgarians, Baltic tribes and Eastern nomads..." (Wikipedia: Vladimir the Great, 2.8.26 UTC 19:22)

Yaroslav the Wise (c. 978 - 1054 AD)

"...Grand Prince of Kiev... Prince of Novgorod... Prince of Rostov... son of Vladimir the Great... war for the Kievan throne against his half-brother Sviatopolk... alliances with Scandinavian countries and weakening Byzantine influence on Kiev." (Wikipedia: Yaroslav the Wise, 2.17.26 UTC 00:28)

Daniel of Galicia (1201-1264)

"...Prince of Galicia... Volhynia... Grand Prince of Kiev and King of Ruthenia... Romanovichi branch of the Rurikids... restored control over Galicia... managed to withstand the Mongol invasions..." (Wikipedia: Daniel of Galicia, 2.18.26 UTC 13:56)

Alexander Nevsky (1221-1263)

"...Prince of Novgorod... Grand Prince of Vladimir... victories over Swedish invaders in the Battle of the Neva... and German crusaders in the Battle on the Ice... agreed to pay tribute to the Golden Horde, which allowed him to preserve the Eastern Orthodox Church..." (Wikipedia: Alexander Nevsky, 1.29.26 UTC 13:41)

Ivan III of Russia (1440-1505)

"...Grance Prince of Moscow and all Russia... renovated the Moscow Kremlin... credited with ending the dominance of the Tatars over Russia... victory over the Great Horde in 1480 formally restored its independence... began using the title tsar..." (Wikipedia: Ivan III of Russia, 1.22.26 UTC 06:10)

Ivan the Terrible (1530-1584)

"...Grand Prince of Mosco and all Russia... first Tsar and Grand Prince of all Russia... grandson of Ivan III... establishing the first Russian standing army, the streltsy... bringing the entire length of the Volga river under Russian control... Livonian War of 1558 to 1583... autocratic control over the Russian nobility, which he violently purged... massacre of Novgorod by the oprichniki and the burning of Mosco by the Tartars... murdered his eldest son and heir, Ivan Ivanovich..." (Wikipedia: Ivan the Terrible, 2.8.26 UTC 17:47)

Alexis of Russia (1629-1676)

"...Tsar of all Russia... House of Romanov... sided closely with Patriarch Nikon during the schism in the Russian Orthodox Church... several wars with Iran, Poland and Sweden, as well as internal instabilities such as the Salt Riot in Moscow and the Cossack revolt of Stenka Razin..." (Wikipedia: Alexis of Russia, 11.30.25 UTC 16:37)

Peter the Great (1672-1725)

"...Tsar of all Russia... and first Emperor of Russia... lengthy wars against the Ottoman and Swedish empires... Azov campaigns were followed by the foundation of the Russian Navy... victory in the Great Northern War... annexed a significant portion of the eastern Baltic coastline... introduced the Julian calendar... promoted industrialization... administrative reforms..." (Wikipedia: Peter the Great, 2.12.26 UTC 18:37)

Elizabeth of Russia (1709-1762)

"...Empress of Russia... numerous construction projects and her strong opposition to Prussian policies... last person on the agnatic line of the Romanovs... eldest daughter of Tsar Peter the Great... brought about a remarkable Age of Enlightenment in Russia... University of Moscow... War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748) and the Seven Years' War (1756-1763)." (Wikipedia: Elizabeth of Russia, 1.5.26 UTC 13:54)

Catherine the Great (1729-1796)

"...Empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796... coup d'état against her husband, Peter III... founding of many new cities, universities and theatres... Poland, which was eventually partitioned... Crimean Khanate was annexed... Russo-Turkish War... colonized the territories of New Russia along the coast of the Black and Azov seas... colonized Alaska... Pugachev's Rebellion of Cossacks..." (Wikipedia: Catherine the Great, 2.14.26 UTC 11:28)

Alexander I (1777-1825)

"...Emperor of Russia... first king of Congress Poland... Grand Duke of Finland... changed Russia's position towards France four times between 1804 and 1812... Napoleon's invasion descended into a catastrophe for the French... gained territory in Finland and Poland... formed the Holy Alliance to suppress the revolutionary movements in Europe..." (Wikipedia: Alexander I, 2.10.26 UTC 04:42)

Nicholas I (1796-1855)

"...Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland, and Grand Duke of Finland... failed Decemberist revolt... helping to create an independent Greek State... Russian conquest of the Caucasus... Armenia and Azerbaijan... Russo-Persian War... Russo-Turkish War... crushed the November Uprising in Poland... aided Austria during the Hungarian Revolution... Crimean War with disastrous results..." (Wikipedia: Nicholas I, 2.14.26 UTC 16:34)

Alexander II (1818-1881)

"...Emperor of Russia, King of Poland, and Grand Duke of Finland... abolished Russian serfdom in 1861... campaigned into the Far East, the Caucasus, and Central Asia... sold Alaska to the United States... Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878... Amur Annexation... approved Russian military plans on the Caucasian front that culminated in the Circassian genocide... Polish uprising in January 1863..." (Wikipedia: Alexander II, 2.17.26 UTC 17:09)

Nicholas II (1868-1918)

"...Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland, and Grand Duke of Finland... final chapter of the Romanov dynasty... As a constitutional monarch, he resisted political reform and retained autocratic control, despite the establishment of the Duma... defeat in the Russo-Japanese War... turmoil of the 1905 Revolution... the February Revolution forced his abdication... executed in Yekaterinburg..." (Wikipedia: Nicholas II, 2.16.26 UTC 15:42)

Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924)

"...first head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917... Bolsheviks' founder... won the Russian Civil War and created a one-party state under the Communist Party... embraced revolutionary socialist politics... After the February Revolution of 1917 ousted Tsar Nicholas II... played a leading role in the October Revolution... abolished private ownership of land, nationalized major industry and banks... suppressed opposition in the Red Terror..." (Wikipedia: Vladimir Lenin, 2.13.26 UTC 19:13)

Leon Trotsky (1879-1940)

"...key figure int he 1905 Revolution, October Revolution of 1917, Russian Civil War, and the establishment of the Soviet Union, from which he was exiled in 1929... initially sided with the Mensheviks against Lenin's Bolsheviks in the party's 1903 schism, but declared himself non-factional in 1904... negotiated the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, by which Russia withdrew from World War I... expelled from the Politburo in 1926... assassinated in 1940 in Mexico City..." (Wikipedia: Leon Trotsky,

Joseph Stalin (1878-1953)

"...led the Soviet Union... served as a member of the Politburo... After Lenin's death in 1924, Stalin won the leadership struggle... famine in 1932-1933 which killed millions, including the Holodomor in Ukraine... executed hundreds of thousands of his real and perceived political opponents in the Great Purge... signed the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact with Germany... at the start of World War II. Germany broke the pact by invading the Soviet Union in 1941... repelled the German invasion and captured Berlin in 1945..." (Wikipedia: Joseph Stalin, 2.18.26 UTC 02:44)

Nikita Khrushchev (1894-1971)

"...First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964... campaign of de-Stalinization... presiding over the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962... successful launching of Sputnik in 1957... 1956 Suez Crisis, 1957 Syrian Criss, 1960 U-2 incident..." (Wikipedia: Nikita Khrushchev, 2.13.26 UTC 19:32)

Leonid Brezhnev (1906-1982)

"...General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1964... while pushing for détente between the two Cold War superpowers, he greatly increased the Soviet nuclear arsenal... increase in repression and censorship... referred to as the Era of Stagnation." (Wikipedia: Leonid Brezhnev, 2.19.26 UTC 04:04)

Mikhail Gorbachev (1931-2022)

"...last leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 until the country's dissolution in 1991... In 1985, the Politburo elected Gorbachev as general secretary... withdrew troops from the Soviet-Afghan War... summits with United States president Ronald Reagan to limit nuclear weapons and end the Cold War... policy of glasnost ('openness') and demokratizatsiya ('democratization')... perestroika ('restructuring')..." (Wikipedia: Mikhail Gorbachev, 2.15.26 UTC 18:54)

Boris Yeltsin (1931-2007)

"...President of Russia from 1991 to 1999... instrumental in the formal dissolution of the Soviet Union... oversaw the transition of Russia's command economy into a capitalist market economy... constitutional crisis emerged in 1993... troops loyal to Yeltsin stormed the parliament building and stopped an armed uprising... First Chechen War, War of Dagestan, and Second Chechen War..." (Wikipedia: Boris Yeltsin, 2.13.26)

Vladimir Putin (1952 - now)

"...President of Russia since 2012, having previously served from 2000 to 2008... Prime Minister of Russia form 1999 to 2000 and again from 2008 to 2012... worked as a KGB foreign intelligence officer... conflict against Chechen separatists... Russo-Georgia War... annexed Crimea... launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine... political system has been transformed into an authoritarian dictatorship..." (Wikipedia: Vladimir Putin, 2.18.26 UTC 20:52)

License: CC BY-SA 4.0

List of Scandinavian political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia)

This post is a list of Scandinavian political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia). There are 9 political leaders listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

Cnut (c. 990 - 1035 AD)

"...King of England from 1016, King of Denmark form 1018, and King of Norway from 1028... The three kingdoms united under Cnut's rule are referred to together as the North Sea Empire by historians." (Wikipedia: Cnut, 2.13.26 UTC 01:01)

Margaret I of Denmark (1353-1412)

"...queen regnant of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden (which included Finland)... founder of the Kalmar Union that joined the Scandinavian kingdoms... resist and compete against the might of the Hanseatic League... Her regency marked the beginning of a Dano-Norwegian union..." (Wikipedia: Margaret I of Denmark, 1.26.26 UTC 15:54)

Gustavus Adolphus (1594-1632)

"...King of Sweden from 1611 to 1632... credited with the rise of Sweden as a great European power... one of the primary military forces during the Thirty Years' War... conflicts with Russia and Denmark-Norway... commemorated by Protestants..." (Wikipedia: Gustavus Adolphus, 2.4.26 UTC 14:45)

Christina, Queen of Sweden (1626-1689)

"...Queen of Sweden from 1632 until her abdication in 1654... conversion to Catholicism and refusal to marry led her to relinquish her throne and move to Rome... succeeded her father Gustavus Adolphus... Torstenson War in 1644... symbol of the Counter-Reformation..." (Wikipedia: Christina, Queen of Sweden, 1.20.26 UTC 12:46)

Charles XII of Sweden (1682-1718)

"...King of Sweden from 1697 to 1718... triple alliance of Denmark-Norway, Saxony-Poland-Lithuania and Russia launched a threefold attack... Great Northern War. Leading the Swedish army against the alliance, Charles won multiple victories despite being significantly outnumbered... death at the Siege of Fredriksten in 1718." (Wikipedia: Charles XII, 1.31.26 UTC 09:17)

Charles XIV John (1763-1844)

"...King of Sweden and Norway... During the Napoleonic Wars, he participated in several battles as a Marshal of France... unexpectedly elected the heir-presumptive to the Childless King Charles XIII of Sweden... French invasion of Swedish Pomerania... creation of the Sixth Coalition by allying with Alexander I of Russia... Swedish-Norwegian War of 1814... put Norway into a union with Sweden..." (Wikipedia: Charles XIV John, 2.17.26 UTC 16:26)

Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim (1867-1951)

"...military leader of the Whites in the Finnish Civil War (1918)... as commander-in-chief of the Finnish Defense Forces during World War II (1939-1945), and as president of Finland (1944-1946)... After Bolshevik coup of November 1917 in Russia, Finland declared independence... led the Finnish Defense Forces in an invasion of the Soviet Union alongside Nazi Germany known as the Continuation War..." (Wikipedia: Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, 2.15.26 UTC 13:29)

Dag Hammarskjöld (1905-1961)

"...Swedish economist and diplomat... served as the second secretary-general of the United Nations... led initiatives to improve morale and organizational efficiency while seeking to make the UN more responsive to global issues... creation of the first UN peacekeeping forces..." (Wikipedia: Dag Hammarskjöld, 2.10.26 UTC 17:43)

Gro Harlem Brundtland (1939 - now)

"...served three terms as the prime minister of Norway (1981, 1986-1989, and 1990-1996)... director-general of the World Health Organization from 1998 to 2003... UN special envoy on Climate Change from 2007 to 2010." (Wikipedia: Gro Harlem Brundtland, 12.5.26 UTC 21:11)

License: CC BY-SA 4.0

List of Polish and Lithuanian political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia)

This post is a list of Polish and Lithuanian political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia). There are 10 political leaders listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

Mieszko I (c. 930 -992 AD)

"...founder of the first unified Polish state, the Civitas Schinesghe... member of the Piast dynasty... subjugated Kuyavia and likely Gdańsk Pomerania and Masovia... waged war for control of Western Pomerania... alliances with Bohemia, Sweden and the Holy Roman Empire..." (Wikipedia: Mieszko I, 1.30.26 UTC 18:01)

Bolesław I the Brave (c. 967 - 1025 AD)

"...Duke of Poland... first King of Poland... Duke of Bohemia... member of the Piast dynasty... son of Miesko I... fought a series of wars against Otto's cousin and heir, Henry II, ending int he Peace of Bautzen... conducted successful military campaigns to the west, south and east..." (Wikipedia: Bolesław I the Brave, 2.12.26 UTC 13:59)

Gediminas (c. 1275-1341)

"...Grand Duke of Lithuania... brought under his rule lands stretching form the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea." (Wikipedia: Gediminas, 1.16.26 UTC 14:27)

Casimir III the Great (1310-1370)

"...King of Poland... later became King of Ruthenia... last Polish king from the Piast dynasty... normalized relations with the Kingdom of Bohemia as well as the Teutonic Order... extensive legal and administrative reforms that laid the foundations of a more centralized state..." (Wikipedia: Casimir III the Great, 1.25.26 UTC 01:12)

Vytautas the Great (c. 1350-1430)

"...ruler of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania... revered as a national hero and was an important figure in the national rebirth in the 19th century..." (Wikipedia: Vytautas the Great, 2.10.26 UTC 20:20)

Władysław II Jagiełło (c. 1352-1434)

"...Grand Duke of Lithuania... becoming King of Poland... laid the foundation for the centuries-long Polish-Lithuanian union... member of the Jagiellonian dynasty... confronted the growing power of the Teutonic Order... beginning of Poland's Golden Age." (Wikipedia: Władysław II Jagiełło, 2.4.26 UTC 05:53)

Stephen Báthory (1533-1586)

"...King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania as well as Prince of Transylvania... member of the Hungarian Báthory noble family... defeated a fellow claimant to the throne, Maximillian II, Holy Roman Emperor and quelling rebellions, most notably, the Gdańsk rebellion... victorious campaign in Livonia against Russia..." (Wikipedia: Stephen Báthory, 2.13.26 UTC 23:35)

Sigismund III Vasa (1566-1632)

"...King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania... King of Sweden... imposed Catholicism across the vast realm... in 1592 the Polish-Swedish union was created. Opposition in Protestant Sweden caused a war against Sigismund... successful invasion of Russia during the Time of Troubles... defeated the Ottoman forces in southeastern Europe..." (Wikipedia: Sigismund III Vasa, 12.29.25 UTC 17:47)

John III Sobieski (1629-1696)

"...King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania... period of the Commonwealth's stabilization, much needed after the turmoil of previous conflicts... victory over the Ottoman Empire at the Battle of Vienna in 1683." (Wikipedia: John III Sobieski, 1.24.26 UTC 16:32)

Augustus II the Strong (1670-1733)

"...Elector of Saxony... King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania... led the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Great Northern War..." (Wikipedia: Augustus II the Strong, 2.12.26 UTC 22:49)

License: CC BY-SA 4.0

List of Italian (non-Papal States, non-Roman civlization) political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia)

This post is a list of Italian (non-Papal States, non-Roman civilization) political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia). There are 8 political leaders listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

Robert Guiscard (c. 1015-1085)

"...Norman adventurer remembered for his conquest of southern Italy and Sicily... made Duke of Apulia and Calabria and Lord of Sicily... briefly Prince of Benevento..." (Wikipedia: Robert Guiscard, 2.12.26 UTC 06:50)

Roger II of Sicily (1095-1154)

"...became Duke of Apulia and Calbria in 1127, then King of Sicily in 1130 and King of Africa in 1148." (Wikipedia: Roger II of Sicily, 2.13.26 UTC 01:49)

Cosimo de' Medici (1389-1464)

"...Italian banker and politician... de facto first ruler of Florence during the Italian Renaissance, establishing the Medici family as its effective leaders for generations... power derived from his wealth as a banker... patron of arts, learning and architecture... including Donatello's David..." (Wikipedia: Cosimo de' Medici, 1.23.26 UTC 14:12)

Lorenzo de' Medici (1449-1492)

"...de facto ruler of the Florentine Republic... held the balance of power within the Italic League, an alliance of states that stabilized political conditions... sponsorship of artists such as Botticelli and Michelangelo... subject of the Pazzi conspiracy, in which his brother Giuliano was assassinated. The Peace of Lodi of 1454 that he supported among various Italian states collapsed with his death." (Wikipedia: Lorenzo de' Medici, 2.4.26 UTC 22:41)

Girolamo Savonarola (1452-1498)

"...Dominican friar from Ferrara... advocacy of the destruction of secular art and culture, and his calls for Christian renewal... instituted an extreme moralistic campaign... Florence refused to join Pope Alexander VI's Holy League against the French... Alexander excommunicated Savonarola... Savonarola and two of his supporting friars were imprisoned... civil authorities condemned, hanged, and burned the bodies of the three friars..." (Wikipedia: Girolamo Savonarola, 1.21.26 UTC 02:50)

Cesare Borgia (1475-1507)

"...cardinal deacon and later a condottiero, as well as a member of the Spanish House of Borgia... illegitimate son of Pope Alexander VI... employed as a condottiero for King Louis XII of France... occupied both Milan and Naples during the Italian Wars... carved out a state for himself in Central Italy, but he was unable to retain power..." (Wikipedia: Cesare Borgia, 2.8.26 UTC 01:05)

Camillo Benso (1810-1861)

"...leading figure in the movement towards Italian unification... Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia from 1852... After the declaration of a united Kingdom of Italy, Cavour took office as the first Prime Minister of Italy..." (Wikipedia: Camillo Benso, 2.8.26 UTC 18:44)

Benito Mussolini (1883-1945)

"...dictator who was prime minister of Italy, whose rule lasted from the March on Rome in 1922 until his overthrow in 1943... founded the National Fascist Party... removing opposition through his secret police... signed the Lateran Treaty to establish Vatican City... In 1936, Ethiopia was conquered... formed the Axis powers with Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan... placed in custody in July 1943... rescued by Germany... Adolf Hitler made Mussolini the figurehead of a puppet state... captured by communist partisans and executed..." (Wikipedia: Benito Mussolini, 2.16.26 UTC 03:54)

License: CC BY-SA 4.0

List of Papal States political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia)

This post is a list of Papal States political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia). There are 6 political leaders listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

Pope Gregory VII (c. 1015-1085)

"...initiated the Gregorian Reform... known for the part he played in the Investiture Controversy, his dispute with Emperor Henry IV to establish the primacy of papal authority and the new canon law governing the election of the pope by the College of Cardinals... introduced a policy of celibacy for the clergy... excommunicated Henry IV three times..." (Wikipedia: Pope Gregory VII, 2.13.26 UTC 02:29)

Pope Urban II (c. 1035-1099)

"...convening the Council of Clermont, which ignited the series of Catholic military expeditions known as the Crusades... dealt with Antipope Clement III, the infighting of various Christian nations, and the Turkish invasions into Anatolia... fight to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslims... resulted in the occupation of Jerusalem and expulsion of the Fatimids... set up the modern-day Roman Curia..." (Wikipedia: Pope Urban II, 11.17.25 UTC 19:02)

Pope Innocent III (1161-1216)

"...claiming supremacy over Europe's kings... reforms of ecclesiastical affairs through his decretals and the Fourth Lateran Council... refinement of Western canon law... directing crusades against Muslim Iberia... the Livonian Crusade against Baltic and Finnic pagans... and the Albigensian Crusade against Cathars in southern France... organized the Fourth Crusade... ended in the sack of Constantinople." (Wikipedia: Pope Innocent III, 2.2.26 UTC 08:25)

Pope Boniface VIII (c. 1230-1303)

"...some of the strongest claims of any pope to temporal as well as spiritual power. He involved himself often with foreign affairs... systematized canon law by collecting it in a new volume, the Liber Sextus (1298)... established the first Catholic jubilee year to take place in Rome... excommunicated King Philip IV... the king sent his troops to attack the pope's residence..." (Wikipedia: Pope Boniface VIII, 2.14.26 UTC 19:26)

Pope Alexander VI (c. 1431-1503)

"...papal bulls of 1493 confirmed or reconfirmed the rights of the Spanish crown in the New World... supported his son Cesare Borgia as a condottiero for the French king." (Wikipedia: Pope Alexander VI, 2.13.26 UTC 12:47)

Pope Julius II (1443-1513)

"...central figure of the High Renaissance... Papal States increased their power and centralization... established the Vatican Museums and initiated the rebuilding of the St. Peter's Basilica... organized the famous Swiss Guard for his personal protection... ratified the Treaty of Tordesillas, establishing the first bishoprics in the Americas... commissioned the Raphael Rooms and Michelangelo's paintings in the Sistine Chapel. (Wikipedia: Pope Julius II, 1.23.26 UTC 02:34)

License: CC BY-SA 4.0

List of Korean political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia)

This post is a list of Korean political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia). There are 8 political leaders listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

Taejo of Goryeo (877 - 943 AD)

"...founder of the Goryeo dynasty of Korea... achieving unification of the Later Three Kingdoms in 936." (Wikipedia: Taejo of Goryeo, 11.12.25 UTC 03:19)

Taejo of Joseon (1335-1408)

"...founder and first monarch of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. After overthrowing the Goreyo dynasty, he ascended the throne in 1392... No new institutions were created, and no massive purges occurred during his reign... re-established amicable ties with Japan and improved relations with Ming China." (Wikipedia: Taejo of Joseon, 1.9.26 UTC 21:24)

Sejong the Great (1397-1450)

"...regarded as the greatest king in Korean history... creation of Hangul, the native alphabet of the Korean language... developments in science, technology, medicine, agriculture and the arts... Ōei Invasion against the Japanese Tsushima Island... expanded the northern borders of Korea to roughly its current extent..." (Wikipedia: Sejong the Great, 1.23.26 UTC 12:52)

Seonjo of Joseon (1552-1608)

"...14th monarch of Joseon... promoting Korean Confucianism... political discord and his incompetent leadership during the Imjin War..." (Wikipedia: Seonjo of Joseon, 2.5.26 UTC 05:55)

Jeongjo of Joseon (1752- 1800)

"...22nd monarch of the Joseon dynasty... built the Hwaseong Fortress, reformed governance... established the Kyujanggak royal library, expanded social mobility, and encouraged Neo-Confucian scholarship... cultural and political renaissance..." (Wikipedia: Jeongjo of Joseon, 11.13.25 UTC 19:02)

Syngman Rhee (1875-1965)

"...first president of South Korea from 1948 to 1960... last president of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea... characterized by authoritarianism, limited economic development... Korean independence activist and was imprisoned... anti-communist and pro-American views... Korean War (1950-1953), in which North Korea invaded South Korea. He refused to sign the armistice agreement that ended the war, wishing to have the peninsula reunited by force... resigned on April 26, 1960, ushering in the Second Republic of Korea..." (Wikipedia: Syngman Rhee, 1.26.26 UTC 12:06)

Kim II Sung (1912-1994)

"...founded the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, also known as North Korea in 1948... chairman of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea from 1949 to 1966... authorized the invasion of South Korea in 1950... ceasefire was signed in July 1953... totalitarian, socialist, personalist dictatorship with a centrally planned economy... close political and economic relations with the Soviet Union and China... widespread famine in 1994..." (Wikipedia: Kim II Sung, 2.12.26 UTC 19:49)

Park Chung Hee (1917-1979)

"...third president of South Korean from 1962 after he seized power in the May 16 coup of 1961 until his assassination in 1979... intense economic growth and transformation... end to the Second Republic of Korea... anti-communist, continued to maintain close ties with the United States... formation of chaebols: family companies supported by the state... In 1972, Park declared martial law after carrying out a self-coup... ruling as a dictator..." (Wikipedia: Park Chung Hee, 2.16.26 UTC 21:50)

License: CC BY-SA 4.0

List of German (non-HRE) political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia)

This post is a list of German (non-HRE) political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia). There are 14 political leaders listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

Charles the Fat (839 - 888 AD)

"...emperor of the Carolingian Empire from 881 to 887... great-grandson of Charlemagne... Granted lordship over Alamannia in 876, following the division of East Francia, he succeeded to the Italian throne... reunited the kingdom of East Francia... inherited all of West Francia, thus reunited the entire Carolingian Empire." (Wikipedia: Charles the Fat, 1.27.26 UTC 00:42)

Henry the Lion (c. 1129-1195)

"...Duke of Saxony (ruled 1142-1180)... Duke of Bavaria (ruled 1156-1180)... member of the Welf dynasty... decisive part in 1152 in his cousin Frederick Barbarossa's campaign for the throne... difficulties when Henry refused to send military assistance in 1176 for Barbarossa's invasion of Italy... Hohenstaufen dynasty succeeded in isolating him... territory stretching form the coast of the North and Baltic seas to the Alps, and from Westphalia to Pomerania..." (Wikipedia: Henry the Lion, 1.27.26 UTC 21:19)

Frederick William I of Prussia (1688-1740)

"...King in Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg... Prince of Neuchâtel... doubling the Prussian Army... financial reorganization, imposing taxes and stringent regulations on public servants... prioritized military expansion over colonial investments..." (Wikipedia: Frederick William I of Prussia, 2.15.26 UTC 18:10)

Frederick the Great (1712-1786)

"...monarch of Prussia... annexing Royal Prussia from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772... success in the Silesian wars, reorganization of the Prussian Army, the First Partition of Poland... patronage of the arts and the Enlightenment... Prussia greatly increased its territories... influential military theorist..." (Wikipedia: Frederick the Great, 2.3.26 UTC 03:11)

Wilhelm I (1797-1888)

"...King of Prussia from 1861 and German Emperor from 1871... member of the House of Hohenzollern... fought with distinction during the War of the Sixth Coalition... crushing the Revolutions of 1848 in Germany... appointed Otto von Bismarck to the post of Minister President... victories in the Second Schleswig War and the Austro-Prussian War... unification of Germany was achieved following the Franco-Prussian War..." (Wikipedia: Wilhelm I, 2.14.26 UTC 22:20)

Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)

"...diplomat who oversaw the unification of Germany and served as its first chancellor from 1871 to 1890... minister president and foreign minister of Prussia... replaced the German Confederation with the North German Confederation... while excluding Austria... created the first welfare state, with the goal of undermining his socialist opponents... fought the Catholic Church, in what was called the Kulturkampf... (Wikipedia: Otto von Bismarck, 2.16.26 UTC 02:13)

Wilhelm II (1859-1941)

"...last German Emperor and King of Prussia... end of the German Empire... dismissed the longtime Chancellor Otto von Bismarck... became Europe's largest manufacturer... massive naval build-up... promoting scientific innovation... guarantee of military support to Austria-Hungary... plunged all of Europe into World War I... delegation of power gave rise to a de facto military dictatorship... abdicated during the German Revolution of 1918-1919..." (Wikipedia: Wilhelm II, 2.16.26 UTC 07:24)

Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)

"...dictator of Germany during the Nazi era... chancellor of Germany in 1933... Führer und Reichskanzler in 1934... invasion of Poland on September 1st, 1939 marked the outbreak of the Second World War... perpetration of the Holocaust, the genocide of about six million Jews and millions of other victims... In 1923, he attempted to seize governmental power in a failed coup... political manifesto Mein Kampf... promoting pan-Germanism, antisemitism, and anti-communism with charismatic oratory and Nazi propaganda... aggressive, expansionist foreign policy..." (Wikipedia: Adolf Hitler, 2.16.26 UTC 06:34)

Joseph Goebbels (1897-1945)

"...chief propagandist for the Nazi Party, and then Reich Minister of Propaganda... one of Adolf Hitler's closest and most devoted followers... advocated for progressively harsher discrimination, including the extermination of Jews and other groups in the Holocaust... In accordance with Hitler's will, Goebbels succeeded him as Chancellor of Germany; he served one day in this post." (Wikipedia: Joseph Goebbels, 1.31.26 UTC 20:58)

Konrad Adenauer (1876-1967)

"...first chancellor of West Germany from 1949 to 1963... leader of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU)... one of the founding fathers of the European Union... serving as Mayor of Cologne 1917 to 1933... president of the Prussian State Council... worked to restore the West German economy... market-based liberal democracy... anti-communist... joined NATO." (Wikipedia: Konrad Adenauer, 2.16.26 UTC 03:17)

Erich Honecker (1912-1994)

"...German communist politician who led... East Germany from 1971 until shortly before the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989... viewed as a dictator... close ties to the Soviet Union... imprisoned by the Nazis... prime organizer of the building of the Berlin Wall... moved towards the international community... becoming a full member of the UN... extradited back to Germany in 1992... stand trial for his role in the human rights abuses..." (Wikipedia: Erich Honecker, 1.26.26 UTC 17:43)

Willy Brandt (1913-1992)

"...leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD)... chancellor of West Germany from 1969 to 1974... governing mayor of West Berlin... focused on strengthening European integration..." (Wikipedia: Willy Brandt, 2.13.26 UTC 02:05)

Helmut Kohl (1930-2017)

"...chancellor of Germany... from 1982 to 1998... leader of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU)... oversaw the end of the Cold War, the German reunification and the creation of the European Union... Maastricht Treaty which established the EU and the Euro currency... moved the federal capital from the 'provisional capital' Bonn back to Berlin..." (Wikipedia: Helmut Kohl, 2.6.26 UTC 13:00)

Angela Merkel (1954 - now)

"...chancellor of Germany from 2005 to 2021... leader of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU)... entered politics in the wake of the Revolutions of 1989... emphasized international cooperation, both in the context of the EU and NATO, and initiating the Russian reset... managed the 2008 financial crisis and the Euro area crisis." (Wikipedia: Angela Merkel, 1.24.26 UTC 09:07)

License: CC BY-SA 4.0

List of Japanese political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia)

This post is a list of Japanese political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia). There are 9 political leaders listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

Oda Nobunaga (1534-1582)

"...Japanese samurai and daimyō... one of the leading figures of the Sengoku and Azuchi-Momoyama periods... regarded as the first 'Great Unifier' of Japan... consolidating power, as head of the very powerful Oda clan, through a series of wars... overthrowing the nominally ruling shogun Ashikaga Yoshiaki and dissolving the Ashikaga Shogunate... conquered most of Honshu... defeated the Ikkō-ikki..." (Wikipedia: Oda Nobunaga, 2.8.26 UTC 15:34)

Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1537-1598)

"...Japanese samurai and daimyō... regarded as the second 'Great Unifier' of Japan... earning the rank and title of Kampaku and Daijō-daijin, the highest official position and title in the nobility class... defeated Akechi Mitsuhide at the Battle of Yamazaki... conquered Shikoku in 1585 and Kyūshū in 1587... winning the Siege of Odawara... crushing the Kunohe rebellion... launched the Japanese invasions of Korea..." (Wikipedia: Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 2.10.26 UTC 17:52)

Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1616)

"...Japanese samurai, daimyō, and the first shōgun of the Tokugawa Shogunate... third of the three 'Great Unifiers' of Japan... serving as ally, vassal and general of the Oda clan... became the most senior officer under the Toyotomi regime... seized power in 1600... implemented a set of careful rules known as the bakuhan system..." (Wikipedia: Tokugawa Ieyasu, 2.10.26 UTC 22:48)

Emperor Meiji (1852-1912)

"...122nd emperor of Japan... associated with the Meiji Restoration of 1868, which ended the Tokugawa shogunate... transformed Japan from an isolationist, feudal state to an industrialized world power... after the death of his father Emperor Kōmei in 1867, it triggered the Boshin War, in which samurai defeated the shogunate... establishment of the Cabinet in 1885, Privy Council in 1888, Imperial Diet in 1890... victories over China in the First Sino-Japanese War and over Russia in the Russo-Japanese War..." (Wikipedia: Emperor Meiji, 2.9.26 UTC 19:53)

Itō Hirobumi (1841-1909)

"...first prime minister of Japan... member of the genrō, a group of senior statesmen who effectively dictated policy for the Empire of Japan during the Meiji era... central role in the drafting of the 1889 Meiji Constitution as well as the establishment of the National Diet... founded the Rikken Seiyūkai political party... Japan-Korea Treaty of 1905 made Itō the first Resident-General of Korea." (Wikipedia: Itō Hirobumi, 1.26.26 UTC 16:46)

Hideki Tojo (1884-1948)

"...Japanese military officer... Prime Minister of Japan from 1941 to 1944 during World War II... presiding over numerous war crimes, including the mass killing and enslavement of millions of civilians and prisoners of war... alliance with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy... attack on Pearl Harbor... tried by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East... executed by hanging..." (Wikipedia: Hideki Tojo, 2.10.26 UTC 15:40)

Hirohito (1901-1989)

"...124th emperor of Japan... reigning from 1926 until his death in 1989... presided over the rise of Japanese militarism, the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Asia-Pacific theater of World War II, and the nation's postwar economic miracle... never prosecuted for war crimes... Under Japan's new constitution, drafted by U.S. officials and enacted in 1947, his role as emperor was redefined..." (Wikipedia: Hirohito, 2.16.26 UTC 03:50)

Eisaku Satō (1901-1975)

"...prime minister of Japan from 1964 to 1972... securing the return of Okinawa in 1972... entered the National Diet in 1949... presided over a period of rapid economic growth... oversaw normalization of diplomatic relations with South Korea and maintained close relations with the United States... introduced the 'Three Non-Nuclear Principles'... signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty..." (Wikipedia: Eisaku Satō, 1.3.26 UTC 13:29)

Shinzo Abe (1954-2022)

"...Prime Minister of Japan and President of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) from 2006 to 2007 and again from 2012 to 2020... conservative and member of the ultranationalist organization Nippon Kaigi... right-wing stances including downplaying Japanese atrocities in textbooks... attempted to counter Japan's economic stagnation with 'Abenomics'... reinstating the Trans-Pacific Partnership..." (Wikipedia: Shinzo Abe, 2.12.26 UTC 21:53)

License: CC BY-SA 4.0

List of Spanish political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia)

This post is a list of Spanish political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia). There are 6 political leaders listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

Isabella I of Castile (1451-1504)

"...Queen of Castile and León... also Queen of Aragon... wife of King Ferdinand II... end of the Reconquista and also the start of the Spanish Empire... won the War of the Castilian Succession... Alhambra Decree which ordered the expulsion of Jews from Spain, initiating the Spanish Inquisition... financing Christopher Columbus's 1492 voyage to the New World..." (Wikipedia: Isabella I of Castile, 2.12.26 UTC 18:34)

Ferdinand II of Aragon (1452-1516)

"...King of Aragon... husband and co-ruler of Queen Isabella I of Castile, he was also King of Castile... together they are known as the Catholic Monarchs... sponsoring the first voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1492... defeated Granada, the last Muslim state in Western Europe... conquered the Kingdom of Naples... conquered most of the Kingdom of Navarre..." (Wikipedia: Ferdinand II of Aragon, 1.30.25 UTC 19:09)

Philip II of Spain (1527-1598)

"...King of Spain from 1556, King of Portugal from 1580, and King of Naples and Sicily from 1554... also jure uxoris King of England and Ireland from his marriage to Queen Mary I in 1554... Duke of Milan from 1540... Lord of the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands... son of Emperor Charles V and Isabella of Portugal... following a dynastic crisis, forming the Iberian Union... Spanish conquests of the Inca Empire and the Philippines... during the Eighty Years' War, signed the Treaty of Joinville..." (Wikipedia: Philip II of Spain, 2.14.26 UTC 09:57)

Philip V of Spain (1683-1746)

"...king of Spain... total reign is the longest in the history of Spanish monarchy... his ascent to the throne precipitated the War of the Spanish Succession... born into the French House of Bourbon... his great-uncle King Charles II of Spain was childless... Charles named Philip as his heir in his will... removed the Spanish Netherlands and Spanish-controlled territories in Italy from the Spanish monarchy..." (Wikipedia: Philip V of Spain, 12.31.25 UTC 00:46)

Francisco Franco (1892-1975)

"...Spanish general who led the Nationalist forces in overthrowing the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War... ruled over Spain from 1939 until his death in 1975... recognized as a fascist leader... repression of political opponents... forced labor, concentration camps and executions after the war... leader in the anti-communist movement..." (Wikipedia: Francisco Franco, 2.10.26 UTC 14:50)

Juan Carlos I (1938 - now)

"...member of the Spanish royal family who reigned as King of Spain from 1975 until his abdication in 2014... was expected to continue Franco's legacy but instead introduced reforms to dismantle the Francoist regime and to begin the Spanish transition to democracy..." (Wikipedia: Juan Carlos I, 2.13.26 UTC 08:33)

License: CC BY-SA 4.0

List of Caliphate political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia)

This post is a list of Caliphate political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia). There are 6 political leaders listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

Abu Bakr (c. 573 - 634 AD)

"...first caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate... accompanied Muhammad on his migration to Medina... served as the first amir al-hajj in 631... overcame a number of uprisings, collectively known as the Ridda Wars... expanded the rule of the Muslim state over the entire Arabian Peninsula... incursions into the neighboring Sasanian and Byzantine empires... credited for the compilation of the Quran..." (Wikipedia: Abu Bakr, 2.13.26 UTC 13:45)

Umar (c. 583 - 644 AD)

"...second Rashidun caliph... He participated in nearly all of Muhammad's battles and expeditions... pledged allegiance to Abu Baker... served as his chief adviser... conquering the Sasanian Empire and more than two-thirds of the Byzantine Empire... lifted the Christian ban on Jews entering Jerusalem... introducing the Hijri Calendar... In Twelver Shia tradition, however, he is viewed negatively." (Wikipedia: Umar, 2.13.26 UTC 12:47)

Uthman (c. 573 - 656 AD)

"...third caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate... a second cousin, son-in-law, and senior companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad... compilation of the standardized version of the Quran... expanded further into Persia and reached as far as the provinces of Khurasan and Tranxoxiana in the East as well as Ifriqiya and the Iberian Peninsula in the West... Sunni Muslim tradition considers him the third rightly-guided caliph." (Wikipedia: Uthman, 2.15.26 UTC 04:11)

Mu'awiya I (c. 597 - 605 AD)

"...founder and first caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate... one of Muhammad's scribes... commander in the conquest of Syria... becoming governor of Syria... directed the war effort against the Byzantine Empire... opposed the election of Ali. During the First Fitna, the two led their armies to a stalemate... failed siege of Constantinople... conquest of Ifriqiya... In Shia Islam, Mu'awiya is reviled for opposing Ali..." (Wikipedia: Mu'awiya I, 1.23.26 UTC 11:26)

Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (c. 644 - 705 AD)

"...fifth Umayyad caliph... held administrative and military posts under Caliph Mu'awiya I... and this own father, Caliph Marwan I... failed invasion of Iraq... focused on securing Syria... unfavorable truce with the reinvigorated Byzantine Empire... conquered Zubayrid Iraq... war with Byzantium resumed... conquests of western North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula... founding of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem..." (Wikipedia: Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan,

Harun al-Rashid (c. 763 - 809 AD)

"...fifth Abbasid caliph... beginning of the Islamic Golden Age... established the legendary library Bayt al-Hikma in Baghdad... moved his court and government to Raqqa... hostilities broke out with Byzantium... Frankish mission came to offer Harun friendship in 799." (Wikipedia: Harun al-Rashid, 2.8.26 UTC 16:24)

License: CC BY-SA 4.0

Jon Postel and the internet

Jon Postel (1943-1998) was an American computer scientist best known for his contributions to Request for Comment (RFC), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). There are 4 quotes listed below.

1. "The internet works because a lot of people cooperate to do things together." (NetWorker Magazine, 1997)

2. "There was one issue on which there seemed to be almost unanimity: the internet should not be managed by any government, national or multinational." (AZQuotes.com)

3. "That was clearly surprising, interesting - a very interesting milestone was when you can pick up a magazine and read an article about some sort of computer related thing and they mention the word internet without explaining it." (AZQuotes.com)

4. "Years ago when you'd go to a working group most of the people in the networking group would be from universities. Now most of the people are from companies who are building internet products and care what the standards turn out to be."

List of Mongol Empire political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia)

This post is a list of Mongol Empire political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia). There are 7 political leaders listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

Genghis Khan (c. 1162-1227)

"...founder and first khan of the Mongol Empire... spending most of his life uniting the Mongol tribes... large-scale raid into the neighboring Western Xia... campaign against the Jin dynasty... annexed Central Asian state of Qara Khitai... invaded the Khwarazmian Empire... The Mongol army under Genghis killed millions of people..." (Wikipedia: Genghis Khan, 2.13.26 UTC 19:24)

Jochi (c. 1182-1225)

"...ruled over the khanate of the Golden Horde... son of Börte, the first wife of the Mongol leader Genghis Khan... both Chagatai and Jochi being excluded from the line of succession to the Mongol throne... commander during the invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire..." (Wikipedia: Jochi, 1.9.26 UTC 12:39)

Ögedei Khan (c. 1186-1241)

"...second khan of the Mongol Empire... third son of Genghis Khan... role in the Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire... second invasion of Persia... began to subjugate Georgia... invasions of Korea... completed Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty... skirmished with the Song dynasty..." (Wikipedia: Ögedei Khan, 2.14.26 UTC 09:27)

Batu Khan (c. 1205-1255)

"...ruler and founder of the Golden Horde, a constituent of the Mongol Empire... son of Jochi... ruled over the Kievan Rus, Volga Bulgaria, Cumania, and the Caucasus... (Wikipedia: Batu Khan, 12.14.25 UTC 00:20)

Kublai Khan (1215-1294)

"...founder and the first emperor of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty of China... second son of Tolui... and a grandson of Genghis Khan... defeated his younger brother Ariq Böke, in the Toluid Civil War... marked the beginning of the division of the Mongol Empire... By 1279, the Yuan conquest of the Song dynasty was completed... (Wikipedia: Kublai Khan, 2.10.26 UTC 22:14)

Hulegu Khan (c. 1217-1265)

"...son of Tolui... a grandson of Genghis Khan and a brother of Ariq Böke, Möngke Khan, and Kublai Khan... expanded the southwestern portion of the Mongol Empire, founding the Ilkhanate in Persion... sacked and destroyed Baghdad, ending the Islamic Golden Age and the Abbasid dynasty." (Wikipedia: Hulegu Khan, 2.5.26 UTC 11:00)

Tokhtamysh (c. 1342-1406)

"...Khan of the Golden Horde... briefly succeeded in consolidating the Blue and White Hordes into a single polity... belonged to the House of Borjigin... expedition to the Russian principalities, besieging and sacking Moscow... military confrontations with his former protector Timur, who invaded the Golden Horde... (Wikipedia: Tokhtamysh, 2.2.26 UTC 21:47)

License: CC BY-SA 4.0

List of Indian political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia)

This post is a list of Indian political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia). There are 28 political leaders listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

Ajatashatru (5th - 4th century BC)

"...Haryanka dynasty of Magadha in East India... forcefully took over the kingdom of Magadha from his father... fought a war again the Vajjika League... conquered the republic of Vaishali... war between Magadha and Kosala... occupied Kashi..." (Wikipedia: Ajatashatru, 1.19.26 UTC 21:52)

Chandragupta Maurya (c. 350 - 297 BC)

"...founder and the first emperor of the Maurya Empire based in Magadha... started a war against the unpopular Nanda dynasty... raised an army to resist the Greeks, defeated them, and took control of the eastern Indus Valley." (Wikipedia: Chandragupta, 2.3.26 UTC 10:47)

Ashoka (c. 304 - 232 BC)

"...Emperor of Magadha... His empire covered a large part of the Indian subcontinent, stretching from present-day Afghanistan in the west to present-day Bangladesh in the east... patron of Buddhism... conquered Kalinga..." (Wikipedia: Ashoka:2.13.26 UTC 16:00)

Menander I (c. 180 - 130 BC)

"...Indo-Greek king... territory in the northwestern regions of the Indian subcontinent and Central Asia... patron of Greco-Buddhism... conquering the Punjab, as far as Taxila and Sagala..." (Wikipedia: Menander I, 2.11.26 UTC 14:57)

Kanishka (2nd century AD)

"...emperor of the Kushan dynasty, under whose reign the empire reached its zenith... extending from Central Asia and Gandhara to Pataliputra on the Gangetic plain... development of the Silk Road, and in the transmission of Mahayana Buddhism..." (Wikipedia: Kanishka, 2.6.26 UTC 13:13)

Samudragupta (4th century AD)

"...second emperor of the Gupta Empire... extended from Ravi River in the west to the Brahmaputra River in the east, and from the Himalayan foothills in the north to central India in the south-west..." (Wikipedia: Samudragupta, 2.7.26 UTC 17:18)

Chandragupta II (4th - 5th century AD)

"...emperor of the Gupta Empire... continued expansionist policy of his father Samudragupta... indirectly ruled over the Kuntala region... effectively integrated the Vakataka kingdom..." (Wikipedia: Chandragupta II, 2.10.26 UTC 22:43)

Harsha (590 - 647 AD)

"...emperor of Kannauj... king of Thanesar who defeated the Alchon Huns... expanded into a vast realm in northern India... defeated by the Emperor Pulakeshin II of the Chalukya dynasty in the Battle of Narmada..." (Wikipedia: Harsha, 11.14.25 UTC 15:36)

Rajaraja I (c. 992 - 1014 AD)

"...Chola emperor... conquests of southern India and the Anuradhapura kingdom of Sri Lanka... vast territories, including regions of the Pandya country, the Chera country, and northern Sri Lanka... campaigns against Western Gangas and the Western Chalukyas..." (Wikipedia: Rajaraja I, 2.12.26 UTC 01:28)

Prithviraj Chauhan (1166-1192)

"...king from the Chauhan dynasty who ruled the territory of Sapadalaksha... defeating the Chandelas... Muhammad of Ghor returned with an army of Turkish mounted archers and defeated the Rajput army... Prithviraj was captured and summarily executed..." (Wikipedia: Prithviraj Chauhan, 10.27.25 UTC 12:47)

Alauddin Khalji (c. 1266-1316)

"...Sultan of Delhi... successfully fended off several Mongol invasions... conquered kingdoms of Gujarat, Jaisalmer, Ranthambor, Chittor, Malwar, Siwana and Jalore... campaigns to the south of the Vindhyas... raided the Pandya kingdom..." (Wikipedia: Alauddin, 12.2125 UTC 16:58)

Krishnadevaraya (1471-1529)

"...emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire... third ruler of the Tuluva dynasty... defeating the sultans of Bijapur, Golconda, the Bahmani Sultanate, and the Gajapatis of Odisha... conquest of the Raichur Doab... golden age of Telugu literature..." (Wikipedia: Krishnadevaraya, 11.23.25 UTC 15:15)

Sher Shah Suri (c. 1472-1545)

"...Sultan of Hindustan, as the first Sur Emperor... established the Sur Empire after defeating the Mughal Empire... covered nearly all of Northern India... conquering Punjab, Malwa, Marwar, Mewar and Bundelkhand... (Wikipedia: Sher Shah Suri, 2.5.26 UTC 06:27)

Babur (1483-1530)

"...founder of the Mughal Empire... descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan... conquered Samarkand... conquered Kabul... losing Samarkand for a third time... defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the Sultan of Delhi... Battle of Khanwa..." (Wikipedia: Babur, 2.6.26 UTC 23:27) 

Humayun (1508-1556)

"...second Mughal emperor... ruled over territory in what is now eastern Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Northern India, and Pakistan... succeeded his father Babur... lost his entire empire to Sher Shah Suri but regained it 15 years later..." (Wikipedia: Humayun, 2.10.26 UTC 14:54)

Akbar (1542-1605)

"...third Mughal emperor... led a successful campaign to unify the various kingdoms of Hindustan or India proper... established centralized system of administration... developed a strong and stable economy, which tripled in size and wealth... (Wikipedia: Akbar, 2.7.26 UTC 23:12)

Shah Jahan (1592-1666)

"...fifth Mughal Emperor... zenith of Mughal architectural and cultural achievements... military campaigns against the Sisodia Rajputs of Mewar and the rebel Lodi nobles of the Deccan... wars with the Safavids... Mughal war of succession..." (Wikipedia: Shah Jahan, 1.28.26 UTC 21:07)

Aurangzeb (1618-1707)

"...sixth Mughal emperor... Mughal Empire reached its greatest extent, with territory spanning nearly the entirety of the Indian subcontinent... belonged to a branch of the Timurid dynasty... defeated allied army of Shikoh and the Kingdom of Marwar..." (Wikipedia: Aurangzeb, 2.11.26 UTC 01:38)

Shivaji (1630-1680)

"...member of the Bhonsle dynasty... inherited a jagir from his farther who served as a retainer for the Sultanate of Bijapur which later formed the genesis of the Maratha Kingdom... alliances and hostilities with the Mughal Empire..." (Wikipedia: Shivaji, 2.9.26 UTC 22:34)

Hyder Ali (c. 1720-1782)

"...Sultan and de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore in southern India... country's primary military leader in intermittent conflicts against the East India Company during the First and Second Anglo-Mysore Wars... frequent warfare with his neighbors..." (Wikipedia: Hyder Ali, 2.10.26 UTC 04:38)

Prithvi Narayan Shah (1743-1768)

"...last king of the Gorkha Kingdom and the first monarch of the unified Kingdom of Nepal... beginning of the modern history of Nepal." (Wikipedia: Prithvi Narayan Shah, 2.6.26 UTC 08:15)

Tipu Sultan (1751-1799)

"...Sultan of Mysore... deployed rocketed against advances of British forces and their allies during the Anglo-Mysore Wars... against Marathas, Sira, and rules of Malabar, Kodagu, Bednore, Carnatic and Travancore..." (Wikipedia: Tipu Sultan, 2.8.26 UTC 02:12)

Vallabhbhai Patel (1875-1950)

"...Indian independence activist and statesman who served as the first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister of India from 1947 to 1950...  relief efforts for partition refugees fleeing to Punjab and Delhi from Pakistan... commitment to national integration..." (Wikipedia: Vallabhbhai Patel, 2.11.26 UTC 22:11)

Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964)

"...principal leader of the Indian nationalist movement in the 1930s and 1940s... served as the country's first prime minister for 16 years... promoted a pluralistic multi-party democracy. In foreign affairs, he led the establishment of the Non-Aligned Movement..." (Wikipedia: Jawaharlal Nehru, 1.29.26 UTC 07:02)

Indira Gandhi (1917-1984)

"...prime minister of India from 1966 to 1977 and again from 1980 until her assassination in 1984... leader of the Indian National Congress (INC)... conflict with China... war with Pakistan... war of independence in East Pakistan... state of emergency from 1975 to 1977." (Wikipedia: Indira Gandhi, 2.10.26 UTC 22:18)

Atal Bihari Vajpayee (1924-2018)

"...prime minister of India... from 1998 to 2004... senior leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)... functionary of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a right-wing Hindutva paramilitary volunteer organization... Hindu nationalism..." (Wikipedia: Atal Bihari Vajpayee, 2.8.26 UTC 23:59)

Manmohan Singh (1932-2024)

"...prime minister of India from 2004 to 2014... only Sikh prime minister of India... structural reforms that liberalized India's economy... leader of the opposition in the Rajya Sabha during the Atal Bihari Vajpayee government..." (Wikipedia: Manmohan Singh, 2.6.26 UTC 12:12)

Narendra Modi (1950 - now)

"...prime minister of India since 2013... chief minister of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014... member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS)... democratic backsliding and has shifted towards an authoritarian style of government..." (Wikipedia: Narendra Modi, 2.13.26 UTC 10:14)

License: CC BY-SA 4.0

List of Holy Roman Empire political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia)

This post is a list of Holy Roman Empire political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia). There are 13 political leaders listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

Otto the Great (912 - 973 AD)

"...inherited the Duchy of Saxony... continued his father's work of unifying all German tribes... transformed the church in Germany to strengthen royal authority... defeated the Magyars... conquered the Kingdom of Italy... crowned emperor in 962 by Pope XII in Rome." (Wikipedia: Otto the Great, 2.9.26 UTC 20:52)

Henry IV (1050-1106)

"...preeminent role in the Investiture Controversy, his 'Walk to Canossa' and his family conflicts established his controversial reputation..." (Wikipedia: Henry IV, 2.9.26 UTC 22:51)

Frederick Barbarossa (1122-1190)

"...by inheritance Duke of Swabia before his imperial election in 1152... joined the Third Crusade and opted to travel overland to the Holy Land... re-establishment of the Corpus Juris Civilis or the Roman rule of law, which counterbalanced Papal power..." (Wikipedia: Frederick Barbarossa, 1.17.26 UTC 00:02)

Frederick II (1194-1250)

"...often vilified in pro-papal chronicles... Pope Innocent IV went so far as to declare him preambulus Antichristi (forerunner of the Antichrist)... reputation as a Renaissance man... avid patrol of science and the arts..." (Wikipedia: Frederick II, 2.10.26 UTC 19:02)

Charles IV (1316-1378)

"...promulgated the Golden Bull of 1356 whereby the succession to the imperial title was laid down, which held for the next four centuries... He also organized the states of the empire into peace-keeping confederations." (Wikipedia: Charles IV, 2.1.26 UTC 16:51)

Sigismund (1368-1437)

"...one of the driving forces behind the Council of Constance (1414-1418) that ending the Papal Schism, but which also led to the Hussite Wars... gained and led an imperial association almost reaching the size of the later Habsburg Empire..." (Wikipedia: Sigismund, 2.12.26 UTC 20:14)

Maximilian I (1459-1519)

"...broke the tradition of requiring a papal coronation for the adoption of the Imperial title... expanded the influence of the House of Habsburg... helped establish the Habsburg dynasty in Spain... (Wikipedia: Maximilian I, 2.4.26 UTC 08:22)

Charles V (1500-1558)

"...sided with Pope Leo X and declared Martin Luther an outlaw at the Diet of Worms in 1521... war in Italy that led to his capture in the Battle of Pavia. In 1527, Rome was sacked... defended Vienna from the Turks... conceded the Peace of Augsburg..." (Wikipedia: Charles V, 2.11.26 UTC 19:33)

Ferdinand I (1503-1564)

"...conflict with the Ottoman Empire... and the Protestant Reformation... reintroduced major innovations of his grandfather Maximilian I such as the Hofrat (court council)... Raitkammer (collections office) and the Hofkriegsrat... (Wikipedia: Ferdinand I, 1.27.26 UTC 19:51)

Leopold I (1640-1705)

"...conflicts with the Ottoman Empire in the Great Turkish War (1683-1699) and rivalry with Louis XIV... three wars against France: the Franco-Dutch War, the Nine Years' War, and the War of Spanish Succession." (Wikipedia: Leopold I, 2.3.26 UTC 15:50)

Maria Theresa (1717-1780)

"...eight-year conflict known as the War of the Austrian Succession... successfully defended her rule over most of the Habsburg monarchy, apart from the loss of Silesia... later unsuccessfully tired to recover Silesia during the Seven Years' War." (Wikipedia: Maria Theresa, 1.31.26 UTC 21:24)

Joseph II (1741-1790)

"...union of the Houses of Habsburg and Lorraine, styled Habsburg-Lorraine... proponent of enlightened absolutism... supporter of the arts, particularly of composers such as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Antonio Salieri" (Wikipedia: Joseph II, 2.1.26 UTC 05:53)

Francis II (1768-1835)

"...last Holy Roman Emperor from 1792 to 1806... first Emperor of Austria from 1804 to 1835... first president of the German Confederation... adversary in the Napoleonic Wars... defeated him in the War of the Sixth Coalition... (Wikipedia: Francis II, 2.12.26 UTC 18:54)

License: CC BY-SA 4.0