Bainbridge Baseball fantasy baseball history

This post has Bainbridge Baseball fantasy baseball history. There have been two keeper leagues: 2005-2007 and 2012-2014. There are 20 seasons listed below.

Regular season champions

2005: Jordan Gaphni

2006: Alex Peek

2007: Alex Peek

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2008: Brendan Gawlowski

2009: Ross Olason

2010: Brendan Gawlowski

2011: Jake Sousa

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2012: James Coatsworth

2013: Ross Olason

2014: James Coatsworth

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2015: Jordan Gaphni

2016: Tanner Bogardus

2017: Brendan Gawlowski

2018: Tom Eberlin

2019: Brendan Gawlowski

2020: (cancelled)

2021: Sierra Gawlowski

2022: Ross Olason

2023: Kyle Kuhn

2024: Kyle Kuhn

2025: Ross Olason

Playoff champions

2005: Brendan Gawlowski

2006: Ross Olason

2007: Jordan Gaphni

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2008: (roto season)

2009: Ross Olason

2010: Ross Olason

2011: Ross Olason

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2012: James Coatsworth

2013: James Coatsworth

2014: Brendan Gawlowski

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2015: Brendan Gawlowski

2016: Tom Eberlin

2017: Brendan Gawlowski

2018: Ross Olason

2019: Brendan Gawlowski

2020: (cancelled)

2021: Tom Eberlin

2022: Ross Olason

2023: Ross Olason

2024: Ross Olason

2025: Ross Olason

Totals

Ross Olason: 4 regular season, 9 playoff

Brendan Gawlowski: 4 regular season, 5 playoff

James Coatsworth: 2 regular season, 2 playoff 

Jordan Gaphni: 2 regular season, 1 playoff

Tom Eberlin: 1 regular season, 2 playoff

Alex Peek: 2 regular season, 0 playoff

Kyle Kuhn: 2 regular season, 0 playoff

Sierra Gawlowski: 1 regular season, 0 playoff

Tanner Bogardus: 1 regular season, 0 playoff

Jake Sousa: 1 regular season, 0 playoffs

Collection of facts about the Timurid Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Timurid Empire (1370-1507). There are 11 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Based in modern-day Iran
• Extended to Iraq, Afghanistan, Central Asia, South Caucasus, Pakistan, North India, Turkey
• Founded by Timur (r. 1370-1405) from the Turco-Mongol Barlas tribe
• Fought Kingdom of Georgia
• Fought Golden Horde (1394-1395)
• Destroyed Baghdad in 1401
• Defeated Ottoman Empire in 1402
• Lost territory to Aq Qoyunlu
• Fall of Samarkand in 1505
• Fall of Herat (capital) in 1507
• Timur's descendant, Babur founded the Mughal Empire in 1526

Collection of facts about the Seljuk Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Seljuk Empire (1037-1194). There are 12 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Based in modern-day Iran
• Extended Anatolia, Levant, Central Asia, Persian Gulf, Hindu Kush
• Ruled by Qïnïq branch of Oghuz Turks
• Founded by Tughril and Chaghri
• Fought in the Byzantine-Seljuk wars
• Fought in Georgian-Seljuk wars
• Battle of Manzikert (1071)
• First Crusade (1095-1099)
• Second Crusade (1147-1149)
• Defeated by vassal state Kara-Khanid Khanate  in 1141
• Conquered by Khwarazmian Empire in 1194
• Sultanate of Rum (last Seljuk sultanate) fell in 1308

List of African history posts

This post is a list of African history posts for this blog. There are 16 posts listed below by topic and chronologically by historical date or post date.

    Civilizations, empires, nations (7)

• Carthage (814 - 146 BC)
• Kingdom of Kush (780 BC - 350 AD)
• Kingdom of Aksum (1st century - 960 AD)
• Ghana Empire (300 AD - 13th century)
• Mali Empire (1235-1610)
• Oyo Empire (1570-1836)
• Asante Empire (1701-1902)

    Miscellaneous

1. Collection of facts about the Ethiopian Civil War
2. Collection of facts about the Nigerian Civil War
3. Collection of facts about the Anglo-Zulu War
4. Collection of facts about the Second Boer War
5. Collection of facts about the Algerian War
6. Collection of facts about the Rwandan genocide
7. Collection of facts about the Angolan Civil War
8. Collection of facts about the Second Congo War
9. Collection of facts about the Second Italo-Ethiopian War

Collection of facts about the Asante Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Asante Empire (1701-1902). There are 16 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Based in modern-day Ghana
• Conquered Denkyira and gained independence in 1701
• Fought Twifo (1712-1715)
• Fought Aowin, Nzima and Wassa (1721-1722)
• Conquered Bono in 1722
• Fought Akyem in 1742
• Ashanti-Fante War (1806-1807)
• Ga-Fante War (1811)
• Ashanti-Akim-Akwapim War (1814-1816)
• Annexed Fante Confederacy (1816)
• First Anglo-Ashanti War (1823-1831)
• Second Anglo-Ashanti War (1863-1864)
• Third Anglo-Ashanti War (1873-1874)
• Fourth Anglo-Ashanti War (1895-1896)
• War of the Golden Stool (1900)
• Annexed by British Gold Coast colony in 1902

Collection of facts about the Oyo Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Oyo Empire (c. 1570-1836). There are 10 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Based in West Africa (Nigeria, Benin)
• Preceded by Ife Empire
• Yoruba language
• Oranmiyan was first king of Oyo (c. 13th - 14th century)
• Occupied by Nupe people (c. 1535)
• Failed to conquer Benin Kingdom c. 1578-1608
• Invaded the Kingdom of Dahomey 1728-1748
• Defeated invading Ashanti Empire in 1764
• Dahomey Revolt in 1823
• Ilorin destroyed Oyo-Ile (capital) in 1835

Collection of facts about the Kingdom of Aksum

This post is a collection of facts about the Kingdom of Aksum (1st century - 960 AD). There are 10 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Based in East Africa (northern Ethiopia, eastern Sudan, Eritrea, Yemen)
• Preceded by D'mt civilization
• Capital: Axum (moved to Kubar in 9th century AD)
• Expanded under Gedara (c. 200 - 230 AD)
• Influenced by Greco-Roman culture
• Adopted Christianity in 4th century AD
• Conquered Kingdom of Kush in 330 AD
• Invaded Himyarite Kingdom in (6th century AD)
• Defeated in Aksumite-Persian wars (570 - 578 AD)
• Disputed invasion by Gudit in 960 AD

Collection of facts about the Ghana Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Ghana Empire (c. 300 AD - 13th century). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Based in West Africa
• Regarded as wealthy by 8th century AD
• Trade routes with Egypt and North Africa
• Possibly conquered by Almoravid dynasty c. 1076
• Converted to Islam c. 1076
• Conquered by Sosso Empire in 1203
• Became a vasal of the Mali Empire c. 1235

Collection of facts about the Kingdom of Kush

This post is a collection of facts about the Kingdom of Kush (c. 780 BC - 350 AD). There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Based in Nubia and Nile Valley (modern-day Sudan, Egypt)
• Preceded by Kerma city-state (2450 - 1450 BC) and the New Kingdom of Egypt (1550 - 1070 BC)
• King Kashta became King of Upper Egypt (8th century BC)
• Piye invaded Lower Egypt and established the 25th Dynasty
• Kush ruled Egypt until Assyrian invasion in 7th century BC
• Meroë became the capital in 591 BC
• Northern Nubia occupied by Ptolemaic Kingdom and Roman Empire (3rd century BC - 3rd century AD)
• Invaded by Noba people in 4th century AD
• Meroë captured by Kingdom of Aksum

Collection of facts about the Mali Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Mali Empire (c. 1235 - 1610). There are 12 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Based in West Africa
• Preceded by Ghana Empire and Sosso Empire
• Founded by Sundiata Keita
• Conquest of Sosso in 1235
• Sakura led military coup in 1285
• Mansa Musa ruled 1312-1337
• Timbuktu annexed in 1324
• Mansa Musa pilgrimage to Mecca (1324-1326)
• Lost control of Timbuktu (1433-1434)
• Invaded by Songhai Empire in 1542
• Defeat at Battle of Jenné in 1599
• Empire dissolved and split between sons of Mahmud Keita IV in 1610

Collection of facts about the Golden Horde

This post is a collection of facts about the Golden Horde (c. 1225-1502). There are 16 facts listed below). Source: Wikipedia

• Originally khanate in northwestern part of the Mongol Empire
• Gained independence in 1259
• Initially ruled by Jochi in 1225
• Blue Horde founded by Batu Khan
• White Horde founded by Orda Khan
• Toluid Civil War (1260-1264)
• Berke-Hulagu War (1262-1266)
• Great Troubles (1359-1381)
• Blue Horde and White Horde reunited in 1379
• Tokhtamysh ruled 1379-1395
• Invaded by the Timurid Empire in 1396
• Became the Great Horde in 1466
• Great Stand on the Ugra River in 1480
• Sarai (capital) sacked by the Crimean Khanate in 1502
• Crimean Khanate survived until 1783
• Kazakh Khanate survived until 1847

Collection of facts about the Goths

This post is a collection of facts about the Goths. There are 11 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Germanic people
• Originally based in Ukraine, Moldova, Romania
• Associated with Chernyakhov culture
• Pushed westward by Alans and Huns
• Raids on the Roman Empire
• Battle of Abritus (251 AD)
• Battle of Adrianople in 378 AD
• Multiple Gothic Wars
• Visigoths and Alaric I sacked Rome in 410 AD
• Ostrogothic Kingdom formed in 493 AD
• Crimean Goths remained around the Black Sea

Collection of facts about the Minoan civilization

This post is a collection of facts about the Minoan civilization (c. 3100 - 1100 BC). There are 6 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Based on Crete
• Sites at Knossos and Phaistos
• Known for palaces, frescos, pottery and seals
• Used Cretan hieroglyphs and Linear A
• Eruption of Thera (c. 1600)
• Succeeded by Mycenaean Greece

Collection of facts about the Inca Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Inca Empire (1438-1572). There are 11 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Based in present-day Peru and Andean Mountains
• Extended to Chile, west Ecuador, south Bolivia, northwest Argentina
• Capital: Cusco
• Languages: Quechua, Aymara, Puquina, Mochica
• Preceded by Kingdom of Cusco, Tiwanaku Empire, Wari Empire
• Pachacuti reorganized the government of Kingdom of Cusco in 1438
• Fought the Kingdom of Chimor
• Inca Civil War (1529-1532)
• First encounter with Europeans in 1524
• Spanish Empire invaded Inca Empire in 1532
• Last Inca state conquered in 1572

Collection of facts about the Aztec Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Aztec Empire (1428-1521). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Based in the Valley of Mexico
• Preceded by civil war involving Azcapotzalco
• Alliance of Mexico-Tenochtitlan, Tetzcoco, Tlacopan
• Founded by Itzcoatl (r. 1427-1440)
• Organized around city-states
• Fought the Purépecha Empire multiple times
• Conquered by Spanish Empire in 1521

Collection of facts about the Maya civilization

This post is a collection of facts about the Maya civilization (c. 2000 BC - 1697 AD). There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Based in the Maya Region (Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, western Honduras, western El Salvador)
• Over 6 million descendants today
• First Maya cities emerged around 750 BC
• Sites at Tikal, Calakmul, Teotihuacan and Chichen Itza
• Built pyramid-temples
• Maya script writing system
• Practiced human sacrifice
• Spanish Empire colonized Mesoamerica in the 16th century
• Fall of Nojpetén (last Maya city) in 1697

Collection of facts about the Olmecs

This post is a collection of facts about the Olmecs (c. 1200 - 400 BC). There are 6 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Based on modern-day Veracruz and Tabasco (Mexico)
• Sites at San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán and La Venta
• Stone colossal head artwork
• Played Mesoamerican ballgame
• Great Pyramid built at La Venta
• Cascajal Block writing

Collection of facts about the Mughal Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Mughal Empire (c. 1526-1857). There are 15 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Based in South Asia
• Indus River in the west, northern Afghanistan in the northwest, Kashmir in the north, Bangladesh in the east, Deccan Plateau in the south
• Founded by Babur
• First Battle of Panipat (1526)
• Mughal-Afghan Wars (1526-1752)
• Mughal Interregnum (1540-1555)
• Akbar reigned 1556-1605
• Second Battle of Panipat (1556)
• Taj Mahal commissioned by Shah Jahan (r. 1628-1658)
• Deccan wars (1680-1707)
• Nader Shah's invasion of India (1738-1740)
• Third Battle of Panipat (1761)
• Indian Rebellion of 1857
• Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar exiled (1858)
• Succeeded by the British Raj

Collection of facts about the Maurya Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Maurya Empire (c. 320 - 185 BC). There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Based in South Asia
• Founded by Chandragupta Maurya
• Nanda-Mauryan War (c. 320 BC)
• Conquest of Greek satrapies (317 - 313 BC)
• Seleucid-Mauryan War (305 - 303 BC)
• Kalinga War (261 BC)
• Ashoka reigned c. 268 - 232 BC
• Ashoka embraced Buddhism
• Brihadratha assassinated in 185 BC

Collection of facts about the Indus Valley Civilization

This post is a collection of facts about the Indus Valley Civilization (c. 3300 - 1300 BC). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Based in northwestern South Asia
• Modern-day Pakistan, northwestern India, northeastern Afghanistan
• Alluvial plains of the Indus River
• Associated Harappa site and Harappan culture
• Elaborate urban planning, water supply systems, metallurgy
• Indus script is undeciphered today
• Possible relation to Dravidian or Elamo-Dravidian language family

Collection of facts about the Gupta Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Gupta Empire (c. 240 - 579 AD). There are 12 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Based in northern India
• Founded by Gupta (king)
• Coincided with Pax Gupta
• Canonization of Mahabharata and Ramayana
• Puranas written in texts
• Samudragupta reigned c. 335 - 375 AD
• Gupta-Saka Wars (c. 375 - 385 AD)
• Chandragupta II reigned c. 380 - 415 AD
• Gupta-Kidarite Conflicts (c. 390 - 450 AD)
• Kumaragupta I reigned c. 415 - 455 AD
• Gupta-Hunnic Wars (c. 460 - 500AD)
• Invaded by Alchon Huns late 490s AD

Collection of facts about the Great Famine

This post is a collection of facts about the Great Famine (1845-1852). There are 6 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Caused by inflection of potato crops and single-crop dependence
• Estimated 1 million deaths in Ireland
• Over 2.1 million people fled Ireland
• Estimated 100,000 deaths outside of Ireland
• British Whig government ended famine relief to Ireland
• Food exported out of Ireland and Britain refused to ban exports

Collection of facts about the Sino-Burmese War

This post is a collection of facts about the Sino-Burmese War (1765-1769). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• China (Qing dynasty) vs. Burma (Konbaung dynasty)
• China invaded Burma four times
• First two invasions defeated at the border
• Third invasion almost reached the capital Ava and was defeated
• Fourth invasion defeated at the border
• Truce established in 1769
• Burma retained independence
• Diplomatic relationship resumed in 1790

Collection of facts about the Second Italo-Ethiopian War

This post is a collection of facts about the Second Italo-Ethiopian War (1935-1937). There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Italy attacked Ethiopia simultaneously from Eritrea and Somalia in 1935
• Aksum was invaded and an obelisk was stolen
• Italian air force dropped 330 tons of mustard gas
• Nazi Germany sent arms to Ethiopia due to Italy's objection to Germany annexing Austria
• Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie fled in 1936
• Italy annexed Ethiopia in 1936
• Eritrea, Italian Somaliland and Ethiopia merged into Italian East Africa
• Yekatit 12 massacre in 1937
• Estimated 120,000 to 200,000 civilian deaths

Collection of facts about the Second Congo War

This post is a collection of facts about the Second Congo War (1998-2003). There are 11 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Democratic Republic Congo, Angola, Chad, Namibia, Zimbabwe vs. Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi
• Preceded by the First Congo War (1996-1997)
• Operation Kitona (1998) aimed to remove Laurent-Désiré Kabila from power
• Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement in 1999
• Six Day War (2000)
• Laurent-Désiré Kabila assassinated in 2001 and replaced by son Joseph Kaliba
• Pygmy genocide (2002-2003)
• Rwanda withdraws troops in the Pretoria Accord (2002)
• Ended with establishment of the Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2003
• Estimated 5.4 million deaths
• Followed by the Kivu conflict and ongoing Ituri conflict

Collection of facts about the Angolan Civil War

This post is a collection of facts about the Angolan Civil War (1975-2002). There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) vs. National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA)
• Preceded by gaining independence from Portugal in 1975
• Soviet Union supported the MPLA while the United States supported UNITA
• MPLA ousted the FNLA government in 1975
• Battle of Cuito Cuanavale (1987-1988)
• UNITA leader Jonas Savimbi killed in 2002
• MPLA and UNITA agree to a cease-fire in 2002
• Estimated 500,000 to 800,000 deaths
• Over 4 million people displaced

Collection of facts about the Rwandan genocide

This post is a collection of facts about the Rwandan genocide (1994). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Preceded by Rwandan Hutu Revolution (1959-1962)
• Part of the Rwandan Civil War (1990-1994)
• President Juvénal Habyarimana assassinated in 1994
• Tutsi ethic group members killed by Hutu militias
• Ended when Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) defeated government forces
• Hutus fled to Zaire and led to the First Congo War in 1996
• Estimated 500,000 to 662,000 deaths
• Lasted about 100 days

Collection of facts about the Algerian War

This post is a collection of facts about the Algerian War (1954-1962). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• France vs. Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN)
• Toussaint Rouge attacks on November 1st, 1954
• Philippeville massacre in 1955
• Battle of Algiers (1956-1957)
• Charles de Gaulle began negotiations with FLN
• Évian Accords approved by referendum in 1962
• Algeria gained independence in 1962
• Estimated 400,000 to 1.5 million Algerian deaths

Collection of facts about the Second Boer War

This post is a collection of facts about the Second Boer War (1899-1902). There are 11 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• United Kingdom vs. Boer republics (South African Republic, Orange Free State)
• Preceded by Witwatersrand Gold Rush and British from Cape Colony moving to South African Republic
• Failed negotiations at the Bloemfontein Conference in 1899
• Boers attacked Cape Colony in 1899
• U.K. sent 180,000 troops to invade the Boer republics in 1900
• South African Republic and Orange Free State annexed by U.K. in 1900
• Boer republics responded with a guerrilla campaign
• Over 100,000 Boer civilians sent to concentration camps
• Ended with the Treaty of Vereeniging in 1902
• Resulted in British war crimes trial
• Union of South Africa formed in 1910

Collection of facts about the Anglo-Zulu War

This post is a collection of facts about the Anglo-Zulu War (1879). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• United Kingdom vs. Zulu Kingdom
• Occurred in present-day South Africa
• U.K. sent an ultimatum to Zulu Kingdom in 1878
• Zulu leaders rejected the ultimatum
• Battle of Isandlwana (1879)
• Battle of Rorke's Drift (1879)
• Battle of Ulundi (1879)
• Zulu Kingdom annexed in 1887

Collection of facts about the Nigerian Civil War

This post is a collection of facts about the Nigerian Civil War (1967-1970). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Nigeria vs. Biafra
• Preceded by U.K. decolonization from 1960 to 1963
• Also preceded by 1966 coup d'état and anti-Igbo pogroms
• Biafra declared independence from Nigeria in 1967
• Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu led Biafra
• Nigerian government imposed a blockade on Biafra
• Biafra surrendered in 1970 and Nigeria reunited
• Estimated 500,000 to 2 million deaths from starvation

Collection of facts about the Ethiopian Civil War

This post is a collection of facts about the Ethiopian Civil War (1974-1991). There are 10 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Derg vs. rebels (TPLF, EPLF, etc.)
• Haile Selassie overthrown by Derg in a coup d'état in 1974
• Derg established Marxist-Leninist state
• Soviet Union supported the Derg
• Red Terror began in 1976 and killed 30,000 to 750,000 people
• Ethiopian famine of 1983-1985
• Derg ended its military junta in 1987
• EPRDF invaded the capital in 1991 and President Mengistu Haile Mariam fled
• TPLF led the new Transitional Government of Ethiopia
• At least 1.4 million people killed including 1 million from famine

Collection of facts about the Troubles

This post is a collection of facts about the Troubles (late 1960s - 1998). There are 12 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Conflict over status Northern Ireland
• Loyalists wanted to remain part of the United Kingdom
• Republicans wanted to leave United Kingdom and join Ireland
• Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association led initial protests
• British troops deployed during the August 1969 riots
• 13 unarmed people killed during Bloody Sunday in 1972
• Republican paramilitaries: IRA and INLA
• Loyalist paramilitaries: UVF and UDA
• Republicans conducted guerrilla campaign and bombings
• Over 3,500 people killed
• Ended with the Good Friday Agreement in 1998
• Resulted in self-government based on power sharing

Collection of facts about the Polish-Soviet War

This post is a collection of facts about the Polish-Soviet War (1919-1921). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Preceded by World War I, Russian Revolution and Polish-Ukrainian War
• Russia expanded westward and annulled the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
• Poland aimed to restore pre-1722 borders
• Kiev offensive launched in 1920
• Polish victory at the Battle of Warsaw in 1920
• Ended with the Peace of Riga in 1921
• Border established about 200 km east of the Curzon Line

Collection of facts about the Turkish War of Independence

This post is a collection of facts about the Turkish War of Independence (1919-1922). There are 10 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Turkey vs. Greece, Britain, France, Armenia
• Preceded by Ottoman Empire defeat in World War I
• Mustafa Kemal established a nationalist government
• Allies pressured the Ottoman Empire to suspend the Constitution and Parliament
• Turkey fought France in southern Anatolia
• Turkey invaded Armenia in 1920
• Turkey fought Greece in western Anatolia
• Ended with the Armistice of Mundanya in 1922
• Resulted in the end of the Ottoman Empire
• Republic of Turkey declared in 1923

Collection of facts about the Russo-Japanese War

This post is a collection of facts about the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Conflict over Manchuria and Korea
• Preceded by the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)
• Russia rejected Japan's influence over Korea
• Japan attacked Port Arthur in 1904
• Combat on the Liaodong Peninsula and Mukden
• Naval combat in Yellow Sea and Sea of Japan
• Ended with the Treaty of Portsmouth in 1905
• Japan gains Port Arthur, Dalniy, southern Sakhalin and South Manchuria Railway

Collection of facts about the Philippine-American War

This post is a collection of facts about the Philippine-American War (1899-1902). There are 12 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• United States annexed the Philippines in 1898 after the Spanish-American War
• Philippine nationalists proclaimed independence in 1898
• First Philippine Republic established in 1899
• Battle of Manila in 1899
• Philippine forces engaged in guerilla tactics
• Filipino civilians sent to concentration camps
• Estimated 200,000 - 250,000 civilian deaths
• Philippine President Emilio Aguinaldo captured in 1901
• Fighting continued after the end of the war in 1902
• Moro Rebellion (1902-1913)
• Commonwealth of the Philippines established in 1934
• Philippines gained independence in 1946

Collection of facts about the War of the Pacific

This post is a collection of facts about the War of the Pacific (1879-1883). There are 11 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Chile vs. Bolivia, Peru
• Dispute over coastal territory in the Atacama Desert
• Also nitrate taxation dispute
• Chile invaded Bolivian port of Antofagasta in 1879
• Began with significant naval combat followed by land campaigns
• Bolivia withdrew in 1880
• Chile captured Peru's capital Lima in 1881
• Ended with Treaty of Ancón in 1883
• Armistice treaty between Chile and Bolivia in 1884
• Chile gained Tarapacá, Litoral, Tacna and Arica
• Bolivia became landlocked

Collection of facts about the Persian Constitutional Revolution

This post is a collection of facts about the Constitutional Revolution (1905-1911). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar signed the 1906 constitution
• Established the Iranian parliament
• Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar abolished the constitution
• Parliament bombarded in 1908
• Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar removed from power
• Triumph of Tehran in 1909
• Constitution re-established in 1909
• Deputies of the Second Majlis removed from parliament in 1911

Collection of facts about the Italian Wars

This post is a collection of facts about the Italian Wars (1494-1559). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• France, England, Ottoman Empire vs. Holy Roman Empire, Spain
• Italian States fought on both sides
• Preceded by Italic League collapse in 1492
• France invaded Naples in 1494
• France invaded Lombardy and Piedmont in 1503
• Ended with the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis in 1559
• France gained Calais and Three Bishoprics
• Spain gained Naples, Sicily and Milan

Collection of facts about the Mexican-American War

This post is a collection of facts about the Mexican-American War (1846-1848). There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Preceded by the American annexation of Texas in 1845
• Mexico refused to recognize the Treaties of Velasco (1836)
• Texas was an independent country (1836-1845)
• President James K. Polk campaigned on U.S. expansion in 1844
• United States invaded Mexico in 1846
• Mexico City captured in 1847
• Ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848
• Mexico recognized cession of Texas, California, Nevada, Utah and parts of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico and Wyoming
• Rio Grande recognized as the border between Mexico and the United States

Collection of facts about the Great Turkish War

This post is a collection of facts about the Great Turkish War (1683-1699). There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Ottoman Empire vs. Holy Roman Empire, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Russia, Venice, Hungary
• Mostly concurrent with the Nine Years' War (1688-1697)
• Battle of Vienna (1683)
• Siege of Buda (1686)
• Holy League captured Belgrade (1688)
• Ottoman Empire retook Belgrade (1690)
• Battle of Zenta (1697)
• Ended with Treaty of Karlowitz (1699)
• Ottoman Empire lost territory in Hungary, Transylvnia, Slavonia, Croatia, Podolia, Balkans

Collection of facts about the Iran-Iraq War

This post is a collection of facts about the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Preceded by the Iranian Revolution in 1979
• Saddam Hussain wanted to prevent Iranian ideology from spreading
• Border dispute over Shatt al-Arab river
• Iraq invaded Iran in 1980
• Iran invaded Iraq in 1982
• Stalemate by 1988
• Ended with the United Nations Security Council Resolution 598
• Estimated 500,000 casualties

Collection of facts about the War of the Spanish Succession

This post is collection of facts about the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Caused by death of Charles II of Spain without children in 1700
• Pro-Bourbon vs. Pro-Habsburg
• Philip V supported by Louis XIV of France
• Archduke Charles of Austria supported by Holy Roman Empire, Great Britain
• Philip V became king of Spain in 1700
• Ended with Peace of Utrecht, Treaty of Rastatt and Treaty of Baden
• Philip V remained king but renounced his claim to the French succession line
• Spain ceded Italian territories and Spanish Netherlands

Collection of facts about the War of the Austrian Succession

This post is a collection of facts about the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• France, Prussia, Bavaria vs. Austria, Great Britain, Dutch Republic, Hanover
• Caused by Maria Theresa's right to inherit Austria
• First Silesian War (1740-1742)
• Second Silesian War (1744-1745)
• Ended with Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) confirming Maria Theresa
• Austria ceded Silesia to Prussia
• Led to the Seven Years' War in 1756

List of Nintendo 64 games developed by Rare

This post is a list of Nintendo 64 games developed by Rare. There are 11 games listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Killer Instinct (1996)
• Blast Corps (1997)
• GoldenEye 007 (1997)
• Diddy Kong Racing (1997)
• Banjo-Kazooie (1998)
• Jet Force Gemini (1999)
• Donkey Kong 64 (1999)
• Perfect Dark (2000)
• Mickey's Speedway USA (2000)
• Banjo-Tooie (2000)
• Conker's Bad Fur Day (2001)

Collection of facts about the Cretan War

This post is a collection of facts about the Cretan War (1645-1669). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Ottoman Empire vs. Republic of Venice
• Conflict over the island of Crete
• Previously Venice's largest overseas possession
• Crete was conquered by the Ottoman Empire
• Venice attempted a naval blockade on Crete
• Siege of Candia (1648-1669)
• Peace treaty signed after the surrender of Candia
• Crete controlled by Ottoman Empire until 1897

Collection of facts about the Livonian War

This post is a collection of facts about the Livonian War (1558-1583). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Russia vs. Denmark-Norway, Sweden, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
• Conflict over present-day Estonia and Latvia
• Russia controlled the region 1558 to 1578
• Battle of Wenden (1577-1578)
• Swedish Estonia established
• Denmark-Norway purchased Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek
• Ended with the Truce of Jam Zapolski and Truce of Plussa
• Russia lost control of Livonia, Polotsk, Ingria

Collection of facts about the Great Northern War

This post is a collection of facts about the Great Northern War (1700-1721). There are 6 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Sweden vs. Russia, Denmark-Norway, Saxony-Poland-Lithuania
• Swedish Army led by Charles XII
• Battle of Poltava in 1709
• Ended with Treaties of Stockholm, Treaty of Frederiksborg, Treaty of of Nystad
• Sweden lost Baltic provinces and part of Swedish Pomerania
• Over 1,000,000 deaths

Collection of facts about the Hussite Wars

This post is a collection of facts about the Hussite Wars (1419-1434). There are 6 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Hussites vs. Catholic forces (Holy Roman Empire, Papacy)
• Jan Hus excommunicated by the Catholic Church in 1415
• Sigismund launched a crusade against the Hussites
• Jan Žižka lead the Hussite army
• Moderate Utraquist faction defeated radical Taborite faction in 1434
• Ended when moderate Hussites submitted to authority of the King of Bohemia and Catholic Church

Collection of facts about the East-West Schism

This post is a collection of facts about the East-West Schism (1054). There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Break between Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church
• Disputes: procession of the Holy Spirit, leavened or unleavened bread, iconoclasm, coronation of Charlemagne, papal supremacy, and See of Constantinople
• Patriarch Michael I Cerularius closed Latin churches in Constantinople
• Leo IX denied Cerularius the title 'ecumenical patriarch'
• Cerularius refused and was excommunicated by Leo IX
• Massacre of the Latins in 1182
• Sack of Thessalonica in 1185
• Siege of Constantinople and Fourth Crusade in 1204
• Schism continues to present day

Collection of facts about the Black Death

This post is a collection of facts about the Black Death (1346-1353). There are 5 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Plague pandemic in Europe
• Spread through the air and by fleas
• 25,000,000 to 50,000,000 deaths (30-60% of Europe's population)
• Possibly introduced to Europe during Siege of Caffa in Crimea and carried back by fleas on ships sailing through the Mediterranean Sea
• Known as second plague pandemic (first was plague of Justinian in 541 - 549 AD)

Collection of facts about the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period

This post is a collection of facts about the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (907 - 979 AD). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Five Dynasties ruled in succession in the Central Plain
• Ten Kingdoms established
• Near-constant warfare
• Fall of the Tang dynasty in 907 AD
• Song dynasty founded in 960 AD
• Led to Song dynasty rule of South China
• Led to Liao and Jin rule in North China

Collection of facts about the Warring States period

This post is a collection of facts about the Warring States period (c. 475 - 221 BC). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Preceded by the Spring and Autumn period
• During the Zhou dynasty
• Partition of Jin in 453 BC
• Han, Zhao and Wei states officially recognized by Zhou in 403 BC
• Qin's wars of unification (230 - 221 BC)
• Ended when the Qin dynasty unified China in 221 BC
• Led to first Chinese imperial dynastic state
• Record of the Warring States written about this period

List of World Baseball Classic champions

This post is a list of World Baseball Classic champions. There are 6 champions listed below. Source: Wikipedia

2006: Japan
2009: Japan
2012: Dominican Republic
2017: United States
2023: Japan
2026: Venezuela

Collection of facts about the Sixteen Kingdoms period

This post is a collection of facts about the Sixteen Kingdoms period (304 - 439 AD). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Preceded by Western Jin reunification of China and War of the Eight Princes
• Western Jin collapsed and then formed the Eastern Jin
• Power vacuum led to civil wars, rebellions and famine
• States formed by non-Han people in northern China
• Five Barbarians: Xiongnu, Jie, Di, Qiang, Xianbei
• Former Qin (376 - 838 AD) defeated by Eastern Jin
• Northern Wei reunited the north ending the Sixteen Kingdoms period
• Followed by Northern and Southern dynasties era

Collection of facts about the Spring and Autumn period

This post is a collection of facts about the Spring and Autumn period (c. 770 - 481 BC). There are 5 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• During the Eastern Zhou dynasty
• Increased political autonomy for local lords
• Spring and Autumn Annals is about the state of Lu
• Ended with the partition of Jin
• Followed by the Warring States period

Collection of facts about the Reconquista

This post is a collection of facts about the Reconquista (c. 718 - 1492). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Christian states vs. al-Andalus
• Iberian Peninsula previously ruled by Visigothic Kingdom
• Muslim Conquest of 711 established al-Andalus on the Iberian Peninsula
• Kingdom of Asturias fought Umayyad Caliphate (8th century AD)
• Caliphate of Córdoba collapsed in the 11th century into taifa states
• Almoravids tried to unite the taifas
• Portugal, León, Castile and Aragon fought Almohad Caliphate (12th - 13th century)
• Granada captured in 1492 ending the Reconquista

Collection of facts about the An Lushan Rebellion

This post is a collection of facts about the An Lushan rebellion (755 - 763 AD). There 10 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Civil war in China during Tang dynasty
• Yan dynasty attempted to replace Tang dynasty
• Rebels captured capital Chang'an and emperor fled to Sichuan
• Rebellion led by An Lushan
• An Lushan killed by his son, An Qingxu in 757 AD
• An Qingxu killed by Shi Siming in 759 AD
• Shi Siming killed by his son, Shi Chaoyi in 761 AD
• Yan dynasty defeated by Tang dynasty in 763 AD
• Led to decline of Tang dynasty
• Census population fell from 52 million to 16 million

Collection of facts about the Civil rights movement

This post is a collection of facts about the Civil rights movement (1654-1968). There are 19 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Attempted to end racial segregation and discrimination in the U.S.
• African Americans were most affected
• American Civil War (1861-1865) led to abolishment of slavery
• Reconstruction Amendments implemented
• Jim Crow laws discriminated against African Americans
• Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) upheld Jim Crow laws
• Brown v. Board of Education (1954) invalidated segregated-schooling laws
• Martin Luther King Jr. led protests and civil disobedience campaigns
• Montgomery bus boycott (1955-1956)
• Browder v. Gayle (1956) ruled bus segregation unconstitutional
• Children's Crusade march in 1963
• March on Washington in 1963
• Civil Rights Act of 1964
• Selma to Montgomery march in 1965
• Voting Rights Act of 1965
• Loving v. Virginia (1967) ruled interracial marriages legal
• Fair Housing Act of 1968
• Black power movement emerged in the 1960's
• Martin Luther King assassinated in 1968

Collection of states involved in the revolutions of 1848

This post is a collection of states involved int he revolutions of 1848. There are 19 states listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Austrian Empire
• Grand Duchy of Baden
• Lands of the Bohemian Crown
• Kingdom of France
• German Confederation
• Galicia (region)
• Duchy of Holstein
• Kingdom of Hungary
• Ireland (region)
• Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
• Duchy of Modena and Reggio
• Moldavia
• Grand Duchy of Posen
• Kingdom of Prussia
• Kingdom of Sardinia
• Duchy of Schleswig
• Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
• Cantons of Switzerland
• Wallachia

Collection of facts about the unification of Italy

This post is a collection of facts about the unification of Italy (1848-1870). There are 11 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Kingdom of Sardinia annexed Italian states and established the Kingdom of Italy
• Led by Camillo Benso and Giuseppe Garibaldi
• Began during the Revolutions of 1848
• First Italian War of Independence (1848-1849)
• Second Italian War of Independence (1859)
• Expedition of the Thousand (1860)
• Victor Emmanuel became King of Italy (1861)
• Third Italian War of Independence (1866)
• Venetian plebiscite of 1866
• Capture of Rome (1870)
• Final states joined Italy in Treaty of Rapallo (1920)

Collection of facts about Holodomor

This post is a collection of facts about Holodomor (1932-1933). There are 6 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine
• Debated if it was intentional to eliminate a Ukrainian independence movement
• Caused by collectivization of agriculture and Soviet industrialization
• Ukraine was a large grain-producing state and had high quotas
• 4.3 million tons of grain produced in 1932 harvest (7.2 million tons in 1931)
• Deaths: 3.5 to 5 million

List of Roman civilization history posts

This post is a list of Roman civilization history posts for this blog. There are 15 posts listed below by topic and chronologically by post date.

    Roman Kingdom

1. List of kings of the Roman Kingdom

    Roman Republic

1. List of Punic Wars
2. List of rulers in the Roman triumvirates
3. Collection of facts about the Gallic Wars
4. List of Macedonian Wars

    Roman Empire

1. List of Roman emperors in the Julio-Claudian dynasty
2. List of Roman emperors in the Nerva-Antonine dynasty
3. List of capitals in the Roman tetrarchy
4. Collection of facts about the Crisis of the Third Century

    Byzantine Empire

1. List of Byzantine political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia)
2. Collection of facts about the Fall of Constantinople
3. Collection of facts about the Gothic War

    Miscellaneous

1. List of Roman civilization historical periods
2. List of Roman political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia)
3. Collection of facts about the Roman-Persian wars

Collection of facts about the War of 1812

This post is a collection of facts about the War of 1812 (1812-1815). There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• United States vs. United Kingdom, Tecumseh's confederacy
• British navy enforced restrictions on American trade in 1807
• Britain provided military support to Indian tribes resisting the U.S.
• U.S. declares war on Britain in 1812
• Britain defeated U.S. invasions in Canada (1812-1814)
• Chesapeake campaign (1813-1814)
• Creek War in American South against Muscogee (1813-1814)
• Washington captured and White House burned in 1814
• Peace terms established in Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Collection of facts about the Gothic War

This post is a collection of facts about the Gothic War (535 - 554 AD). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Byzantine Empire vs. Ostrogothic Kingdom
• Justinian's attempt to recover Western Roman Empire provinces
• Fall of Ravenna (Ostrogothic capital) in 540 AD
• Gothic revival led by Totila (541 - 553 AD)
• Byzantium repels Frank and Alamanni invasions in 554 AD
• Justinian established new Italian government in 554 AD
• Byzantium lost Italy after Lombard invasion in 568 AD

Collection of facts about the Cuban Revolution

This post is a collection of facts about the Cuban Revolution (1953-1959). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Fulgencio Batista led coup d'état overthrowing Cuban democracy in 1952
• Fidel Castro and Raúl Castro led attack on Moncada Barracks in 1953
• Fidel Castro arrested and formed the 26th of July Movement (M-26-7)
• Fidel Castro reenters Cuba from Mexico with Che Guevara in 1956
• Batista's troops attack the rebels and they flee to Sierra Maestra
• Batista ousted from power in 1958 and flees to Cuba
• Fidel Castro became de facto leader of Cuba
• Communist Party of Cuba established in 1965

Collection of facts about the September 11 attacks

This post is a collection of facts about the September 11 attacks. There are 10 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Perpetrated by al-Qaeda under Osama bin Laden
• 19 terrorists hijacked four planes
• Twin Towers at the World Trade Center each hit by a plane (8:46 and 9:03 AM)
• Pentagon hit by a plane (9:37 AM)
• Fourth plane crashed into a Pennsylvania field (10:03 AM)
• Fourth plane target was U.S. Capitol or the White House
• Deaths: 2,996 (including 343 firefighters and 72 law enforcement)
• Led to U.S. war on terror
• Osama bin Laden killed in 2011
• One World Trade Center completed in 2014

Collection of facts about the Iraq War

This post is a collection of facts about the Iraq War (2003-2011). There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• United States and allies vs. Iraq
• Allies included United Kingdom, Australia, Poland
• Preceded by September 11 attacks in 2001
• U.S. invaded Iraq in 2003
• U.S. falsely claimed Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction
• Saddam Hussein captured in 2003 and executed in 2006
• Civil war between Shia majority and Sunni minority (2006-2008)
• U.S. troops withdrew by 2011
• Led to Islamic State and War in Iraq (2013-2017)

Collection of facts about the Philippine Revolution

This post is a collection of facts about the Philippine Revolution (1896-1902). There are 14 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Philippines (Katipunan) vs. Spain
• Span previously ruled the Philippines for 333 years
• Andrés Bonifacio formed the Katipunan in 1892
• Katipunan declared war on Spain in 1896
• Magdiwang and Magdalo factions within Katipunan
• Emilio Aguinaldo elected president in 1897
• Andrés Bonifacio and his brother arrested and killed in 1897
• USS Maine sunk in Cuba and U.S. declares war on Spain in 1898
• U.S. seized control of Manila Bay in 1898
• Philippines declared independence in 1898
• U.S. gained control over Philippines in Treaty of Paris in 1898
• Philippine-American War began in 1899
• Philippines became an unincorporated territory of the United States in 1902
• Philippines gained independence in 1946

Collection of facts about the Roman-Persian wars

This post is a collection of facts about the Roman-Persian wars (54 BC - 628 AD). There are 17 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Began with Roman Republic vs. Parthian Empire
• Ended with Byzantine Empire vs. Sasanian Empire
• Rashidun Caliphate eventually conquered Sasanian Empire
• Battle of Carrhae (58 BC)
• Parthian invasion of 40 BC
• Antony's Atropatene campaign (36 BC)
• Roman-Parthian War of 58-63
• Roman Parthian War of 161-166
• Shapur I's first Roman campaign (240-244)
• Perso-Roman Wars of 337-361
• Julian's Persian expedition (363)
• Anastasian War (502-506)
• Iberian War (526-532)
• Lazic War (541-562)
• Byzantine-Sasanian War of 572-591
• Byzantine-Sasanian War of 602-628
• Siege of Constantinople in 626

Sources

Wikipedia: Roman-Persian wars, Antony's Atropatene campaign, Trajan's Parthian campaign, Parthian war of Caracalla, Shapur I's first Roman campaign, Anastasian War, Iberian War, Lazic War

Collection of facts about the Greco-Persian Wars

This post is a collection of facts about the Greco-Persian Wars (499 - 449 BC). There are 12 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Greek city-states vs. Achaemenid Empire
• Aristagoras (tyrant of Miletus) incites the Ionian Revolt (499 - 493 BC)
• Aristagoras with support of Athens and Eretria burned Persian city Sardis
• Persians attack the Ionian Revolt in 494 BC
• Persians invade Greece and subjugate Thrace and Macedon in 494 BC
• Persians invade Greece again and siege Eretria in 490 BC
• Persians defeated at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC
• Xerxes led the second Persian invasion of Greece in 480 BC
• Persian victory at the Battle of Thermopylae and burned Athens in 480 BC
• Greek victory at Battle of Plataea ended Persian invasion in 479 BC
• Persian fleet destroyed at the Battle of Mycale in 479 BC
• Delian League continued to fight Persian garrisons until 449 BC

Collection of facts about the Peloponnesian War

This post is a collection of facts about the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC). There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Athens (Delian League) vs. Sparta (Peloponnesian League)
• Archidamian War (431 - 421 BC)
• Argive War (419 - 416 BC)
• Sicilian Expedition (415 - 413 BC)
• Achaemenid Empire supported Sparta after 413 BC
• Decelean War (413 - 404 BC)
• Resulted in Spartan victory and hegemony over Greece
• Delian League democracies replaced with oligarchies
• Athens ruled by Thirty Tyrants and later regained independence

Collection of facts about the Crisis of the Third Century

This post is a collection of facts about the Crisis of the Third Century (235 - 284 AD). There are 14 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Crisis in the Roman Empire
• Barbarian invasions, civil wars and rebellions
• Attacks from the Sassanid Empire
• Debasement of the currency and hyperinflation
• Breakdown of trade networks
• Serverus Alexander assassinated in 235 AD
• Year of the Six Emperors: 238 AD
• Plague of Cyprian (249 - 262 AD)
• Valerian captured in 260 AD
• Gallic Empire (Gaul, Britain, Hispania) seceded in 260 AD
• Aegyptus (Syria, Palestine, Aegyptus) seceded in 267 AD
• Aurelian (r. 270 - 275 AD) united the empire
• Aurelian assassinated in 275 AD
• Diocletian ended the civil war in 285 AD

List of Macedonian Wars

This post is a list of Macedonian Wars (214 - 148 BC). There are 5 wars listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

• First Macedonian War (214 - 205 BC)
• Second Macedonian War (200 - 196 BC)
• Roman-Seleucid War (192 - 188 BC)
• Third Macedonian War (172 - 168 BC)
• Fourth Macedonian War (150 - 148 BC)

Collection of facts about the Gallic Wars

This post is a collection of facts about the Gallic Wars (58 - 50 BC). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Roman Republic vs. Gauls, Germani, Britons, Aquitani
• Began with migration of the Helvetii in 58 BC
• Julius Caesar commanded the Roman army
• Caesar led expedition across the English Channel
• Vercingetorix attempted to united Gallic tribes
• Battle of Alesia in 52 BC led to Roman victory
• Roman Republic annexed Gaul

Collection of facts about the Fall of Constantinople

This post is a collection of facts about the Fall of Constantinople (1453). There are 6 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Constantinople was the capital of the Byzantine Empire
• Marked the end of the Roman Empire
• Attacking Ottoman Army led by Sultan Mehmed II
• Walls of Constantinople overcome by gunpowder and cannons
• 53-day siege and captured on May 29th, 1453
• Constantinople became Ottoman Empire capital

List of United States history posts

This post is a list of United States history posts for this blog. There are 18 posts* listed below by topic and chronologically by post date.

    States and cities

1. Basic timeline of Seattle
2. Basic timeline of Washington state
3. Basic timeline of Ohio
4. Basic timeline of California
5. Basic timeline of Texas
6. Basic timeline of Alaska

    Miscellaneous

1. Basic timeline of the United States
2. List of United States presidents
3. List of the Thirteen Colonies
4. List of United States presidents (images)
5. Collection of facts about the attack on Pearl Harbor
6. Collection of facts about the American Civil War
7. Collection of United States Founding Fathers
8. Collection of New Deal programs
9. Collection of facts about the American Revolutionary War
10. Collection of facts about the Lewis and Clark Expedition
11. Collection of facts about the September 11 attacks
12. Collection of facts about the War of 1812
13. Collection of facts about the Civil rights movement

* not counting Basic timeline of the United States (already listed at List of country history posts)

Collection of facts about the Lewis and Clark Expedition

This post is a collection of facts about the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806). There are 10 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Preceded by the Louisiana Purchase in 1803
• Commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson
• Led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark
• Started at Camp Dubois, Illinois in May 1804 with 30 other members
• Joined by additional 10 members in St. Charles, Missouri
• Shoshone Native American Sacagawea served as an interpreter and guide
• Followed the Missouri River and crossed Lemhi Pass
• Then followed Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean in November 1805
• Return voyage began March 1806 and ended September 1806
• Documented biodiversity and geography

Collection of facts about the American Revolutionary War

This post is a collection of facts about the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783). There are 14 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Thirteen Colonies vs. Great Britain
• Stamp Act and Townshend Acts increased tensions
• Boson Massacre in 1770
• Battles of Lexington and Concord in 1775
• George Washington appointed commander-in-chief of Continental Army
• United States Declaration of Independence adopted on July 4th, 1776
• Britain captures New York City in 1776
• Washington crosses the Delaware River in 1776
• Continental Congress fled to Baltimore in 1777
• France signs Treaty of Alliance with the U.S. in 1778
• U.S. conducts Sullivan Expedition against Iroquois in 1779
• Spain allies with France in 1779
• Siege of Yorktown in 1781 led to negotiations
• Britain recognizes U.S. independence in Treaty of Paris
• Treaties of Versailles ends British conflict with France and Spain

Collection of facts about the Thirty Years' War

This post is a collection of facts about the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648). There are 12 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Caused by religious conflict, French-Habsburg rivalry and Dutch Revolt
• Ferdinand II replaced by Frederick V as king of Bohemia in 1618
• Ferdinand II regained control during the Bohemian Revolt
• Frederick V expanded fighting into the Palatinate
• Dutch Republic, Spain, Denmark and Sweden intervened
• Civil war within Holy Roman Empire largely ended with Peace of Prague in 1635
• France entered the war against Habsburg rivals (Spain, Holy Roman Empire)
• Peace of Westphalia ended the war in 1648
• Bavaria and Saxony gained greater autonomy
• Sweden gained territory in northern Germany
• Dutch Republic gained independence
• 4,500,000 to 8,000,000 deaths

Collection of facts about the English Civil War

This post is a collection of facts about the English Civil War (1642-1651). There are 10 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Parliamentarians vs. Royalists
• Fought over Parliament's role in government
• Part of the War of Three Kingdoms (1639-1653)
• Included the First English Civil War (1642-1646), Second English Civil War (1648-1649) and Anglo-Scottish War (1650-1652)
• New Model Army fought for the Parliamentarians
• Oliver Cromwell became Lord Protector in 1653
• Charles I executed in 1649
• Commonwealth of England established in 1649
• Charles II crowned King of Scotland in 1650
• Ireland and Scotland incorporated into Commonwealth of England

Collection of facts about the War of the Roses

This post is a collection of facts about the War of the Roses (1455-1487). There are 20 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• House of Lancaster vs. House of York
• Rival cadet branches of the House of Plantagenet
• Fight for the English throne
• Preceded by the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453)
• Richard, Duke of York challenged his cousin King Henry VI (Lancaster) for throne
• Henry VI (Lancaster) captured in 1455
• Richard, Duke of York killed in 1460 and Edward IV (York) inherits his claim
• Edward IV (York) crowned king in 1461
• Edward IV (York) married Elizabeth Woodville against advice from Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick to strengthen relations with France
• Henry VI (Lancaster) restored as king in 1470
• Edward IV (York) led invasion with Burgundy aid
• Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick killed at the Battle of Barnet
• Henry IV (Lancaster) imprisoned and killed in 1471 ending Lancaster male line
• Edward IV (York) died in 1483 and succeeded by Edward V (York)
• Edward V (York) deposed by uncle Richard III (York)
• Henry VII (Tudor) is descendant of Edward III (Plantagenet)
• Henry VII (Tudor) killed Richard III (York) at Bosworth Field in 1485
• Henry VII (Tudor) marries Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV (York)
• Henry VII (Tudor) becomes king
• York opposition defeated at Stoke Field in 1487

Collection of facts about the Eighty Years' War

This post is a collection of facts about the Eighty Years' War (c. 1566-1648). There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Spain vs. rebels (Dutch Republic)
• Also known as the Dutch Revolt
• Conflict in Habsburg Netherlands
• Dutch Republic established in 1588
• Twelve Year's Truce in 1609
• Led to Thirty Years' War in 1621
• Peace of Münster ended the war in 1648
• Spain retained Southern Netherlands
• Spain recognized independence of Dutch Republic

Collection of facts about the Seven Years' War

This post is a collection of facts about the Seven Years' War (1756-1763). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Britain, Prussia vs. France, Austria
• Also involved: Portugal, Spain, Saxony, Sweden, Russia
• Unpopular Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) ended War of Austrian Succession 
• Led to Diplomatic Revolution and French-Austrian alliance
• Austria attempted to recover Silesia
• France loses North American territories in Treaty of Paris (1763)
• Spain regains Havana and Manila from Britain in exchange for Florida
• Treaty of Hubertusburg (1763) ended the war and Prussia retained Silesia

Collection of facts about the Armenian genocide

This post is a collection of facts about the Armenian genocide (1915-1917). There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Preceded by Armenian massacres in 1890s and 1909
• Committed by Ottoman Empire during World War I
• Began during invasion into Russian and Persian territory
• Ordered by Talaat Pasha
• Armenian intellectuals deported from Constantinople in 1915
• Death marches to Syria
• Forced religious conversion to Islam
• Continued during the Turkish War of Independence by Turkish nationalists
• 600,000 to 1,500,000 deaths

Collection of facts about the Balkan Wars

This post is a collection of facts about the Balkan Wars (1912-1913). There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• First Balkan War: Ottoman Empire vs. Greece, Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria
• Second Balkan War: Bulgaria vs. Ottoman Empire, Greece, Serbia, Montenegro, Romania
• Balkan League formed in 1912 to counter Ottoman rule
• Treaty of London ended the First Balkan War
• Bulgaria dissatisfied with outcome and attacked Balkan League
• Treaty of Bucharest ended the Second Balkan War
• Ottoman Empire lost European provinces except Eastern Thrace
• Led to the July Crisis and the First World War
• Influenced the Yugoslav Wars in the 1990s

Collection of facts about the Bangladesh Liberation War

This post is a collection of facts about the Bangladesh Liberation War (1971). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Bangladesh vs. Pakistan
• Yahya Khan launched Operation Searchlight leading to the Bangladesh genocide
• Bangladesh conducted guerrilla warfare
• India joined fight against Pakistan in December 1971
• Pakistan surrendered in December 1971
• Bangladesh gained independence
• 10 million Bengalis fled to India
• 300,000 to 3,000,000 civilian deaths

Collection of facts about the Indonesian National Revolution

This post is a collection of facts about the Indonesian National Revolution (1945-1949). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Indonesia vs. Dutch East Indies (Netherlands)
• Indonesia declared independence in 1945
• Dutch military controlled major cities on Java and Sumatra
• United States threatened to end economic aid to the Netherlands
• Netherlands transferred sovereignty to Indonesia in 1949
• Dutch New Guinea remained under Netherlands control
• About 100,000 Indonesian deaths

Collection of facts about the Meiji Restoration

This post is a collection of facts about the Meiji Restoration (1868). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Consolidated power under Emperor Meiji
• Westernization of Japanese technology and industry
• Established Empire of Japan
• Abolition of the Tokugawa shogunate and samurai class
• Abolition of feudalism in Japan
• Led to Boshin War, Saga Rebellion and Satsuma Rebellion
• Led to Meiji Constitution of 1889

Collection of facts about the Paraguayan War

This post is a collection of facts about the Paraguayan War (1864-1870). There are 6 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Paraguay vs. Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay
• Preceded by Uruguayan War and territorial disputes
• Paraguay conducted guerrilla warfare
• President Francisco Solano López killed in 1870
• Paraguay occupied by Argentina and Brazil until 1876
• 150,000 - 500,000 deaths

Collection of facts about the Spanish-American War

This post is a collection of facts about the Spanish-American War (1898). There are 10 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Began with sinking of the USS Maine in Cuba in February 1898
• U.S. blockade of Cuba in April 1898
• U.S. destroy Spanish fleet in Manila, Philippines in May 1898
• U.S. captures Guam in June 1898
• U.S. destroy Spanish fleet in Cuba in July 1898
• U.S. invade Puerto Rico in July 1898
• Treaty of Paris ends the war in December 1898
• U.S. gains Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines
• Cuba to gain independence in 1902 as U.S. protectorate
• End of Spanish presence in the Americas and Asia

Collection of facts about the Gulf War

This post is a collection of facts about the Gulf War (1990-1991). There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Iraq (led by Saddam Hussain) invades Kuwait in August 1990
• Alleged Kuwait slant drilling in Iraq's oil fields
• Iraq debt to Kuwait from Iran-Iraq War
• Iraq splits Kuwait's territory
• UN Security Council demanded Iraq withdrawal
• 42 country military alliance led by U.S.
• Bombardment of Iraq and Kuwait in January 1991
• Liberation of Kuwait in February 1991
• Over 600 oil well fires

Collection of facts about the Iranian Revolution

This post is a collection of facts about the Iranian Revolution (1978-1979). There are 10 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Iranian coup d'état overthrew Mohammad Mossadegh in 1953
• Mohammad Reza Pahlavi reinstated as absolute monarch
• Pahlavi implemented White Revolution modernization policies in 1963
• Ruhollah Khomeini criticized polices and exiled in 1964
• Anti-government demonstrations began in 1977 
• Cinema Rex fire killed around 400 people in 1978
• Due to demonstrations, Pahlavi left Iran in 1979
• March 1979 Islamic Republic Republic referendum
• Khomeini becomes supreme leader of Iran
• Imperial State of Iran replaced by Islamic Republic of Iran

Collection of facts about the Cuban Missile Crisis

This post is a collection of facts about the Cuban Missile Crisis. There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• 13-day confrontation (October 16 - 28, 1962)
• United States deployed nuclear missiles in the United Kingdom, Italy and Turkey between 1959 and 1961
• Nikita Khrushchev and Fidel Castro meeting (July 1962)
• Soviet Union deployed nuclear missiles in Cuba
• U.S. spy plane discovers long-rang launch facilities in Cuba
• U.S. air strike on Cuba at Soviet missile supplies
• U.S. naval blockade of Cuba (October 22 - November 20)
• U.S. and Soviet Union agree dismantle missiles in Cuba, Turkey and Italy
• U.S. dismantles missiles in United Kingdom (August 1963)

Collection of facts about the Holocaust

This post is a collection of facts about the Holocaust (1941-1945). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• 6 million Jews deaths
• Mass shootings, poison gas chambers, labor camps and human experimentation
• Extermination camps: Auschwitz, Birkenau, Treblinka, Belzec, Sobibor, Chełmno, Majdanek
• Nazis seized power of Germany in 1933
• Nazi goal to remove all German Jews
• Kristallnacht pogrom in 1938
• Wannsee Conference established Final Solution in 1942
• Operation Reinhard in Poland during 1942 to 1943

Collection of facts about the Russian Civil War

This post is a collection of facts about the Russian Civil War (1917-1922). There are 10 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Bolsheviks vs. White movement
• Independence movements: Poland, Finland, Ukraine, Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Moldavia, Northern Caucasus, Basmachi
• 13 foreign states (Allied Powers) fought against Bolsheviks
• Russian monarchy overthrown in February Revolution in 1917 
• Russian Provisional Government overthrown in October Revolution in 1917
• Vladimir Lenin led Bolsheviks
• White movement led by Alexander Kolchak
• White movement eventually retreated eastward
• Russian Social Federative Soviet Republic (later Soviet Union) established
• Total casualties: 7 - 12 million

Collection of facts about the Mexican Revolution

This post is a collection of facts about the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920). There are 12 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• President Porfiro Díaz succession crisis
• Francisco I. Madero challenged Díaz in 1910 presidential election
• Madero imprisoned and led to widespread uprisings
• Díaz resigned and Madero elected president in 1911
• Emiliano Zapata led armed rebellion against Madero
• Ten Tragic Days coup d'état forcing Madero to resign in 1913
• Madero assassinated by Victoriano Huerta
• Constitutionalist Army led by Venustiano Carranza fought against Huerta
• Carranza defeated former ally Pancho Villa in 1915
• Mexican Constitution of 1917 implemented
• Carranza served as president 1917-1920
• Carranza assassinated in 1920 and succeeded by revolutionary generals

Collection of facts about the Spanish Civil War

This post is a collection of facts about the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Republicans (loyalists) vs. Nationalists (rebels)
• Republicans: socialists, anarchists, communists
• Nationalists: fascists, monarchists, conservatives
• Coup d'état of July 1936 by Nationalist military generals
• Francisco Franco led Nationalist as supreme leader and dictator
• Republican Segismundo Casado led coup against Republican communists
• Nationalists won the war and Franco ruled Spain until 1975

Collection of facts about the Franco-Prussian War

This post is a collection of facts about the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• France vs. North German Confederation (led by Kingdom of Prussia)
• Dispute over vacant Spanish throne
• Otto von Bismarck attempt to incorporate more German states
• Siege of Metz
• Battle of Sedan
• Napoleon III captured
• Siege of Paris
• German Empire formed as war concluded

Collection of facts about the Crimean War

This post is a collection of facts about the Crimean War (1853-1856). There are 6 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

• Russia vs. Ottoman Empire, France, United Kingdom, Sardinia
• Possible causes: decline of Ottoman Empire, preceding Russo-Turkish wars, British and French preference to preserve Ottoman Empire, dispute over rights of religious minorities in Palestine
• Russia invades Danubian Principalities and Ottoman Empire declares war
• Invasion of Crimea to capture a Russian naval base in Sevastopol
• Russia surrenders in 1856

Collection of New Deal programs

This post is a collection of New Deal programs in the United States during the Great Depression. There are 21 programs listed below alphabetically. Source: Wikipedia

• AAA: Agricultural Adjustment Administration
• CCC: Civilian Conservation Corps
• FCIC: Federal Crop Insurance Corporation
• FDIC: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
• FERA: Federal Emergency Relief Administration
• FHA: Federal Housing Administration
• FSA: Farm Security Administration
• HOLC: Homeowners Loan Corporation
• NIRA: National Industrial Recovery Act
• NLRA: National Labor Relations Act
• NRA: National Recovery Administration
• NYA: National Youth Administration
• RA: Resettlement Administration
• REA: Rural Electrification Administration
• RFC: Reconstruction Finance Corporation
• SEC: Securities and Exchange Commission
• SCP: Surplus Commodities Program
• SSA: Social Security Administration
• TVA: Tennessee Valley Authority
• WPA: Works Progress Administration
• USHA: United States Housing Authority

List of French political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia)

This post is a list of French political leaders (level 4 vital articles on Wikipedia). There are 26 political leaders listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

Clovis I (c. 466 - 511 AD)

"...first Frankish king to unite the Franks... founder of the Merovingian dynasty... succeeded his father Childeric I, as a king of the Salian Franks in 481... area extending from what is now the southern Netherlands to northern France... adoption of Catholicism..." (Wikipedia: Clovis I, 2.15.26 UTC 21:53)

Charles Martel (c. 686 - 741 AD)

"...Frankish political and military leader... Duke and Prince of the Franks... Mayor of the Palace... de facto rule of the Franks from 718... military campaigns that re-established the Franks... victory against an Umayyad invasion of Aquitaine... divided Francia between his sons, Carloman and Pepin..." (Wikipedia: Charles Martel, 1.4.26 UTC 22:50)

Charlemagne (748 - 814 AD)

"...King of the Franks... Emperor of what is now known as the Carolingian Empire from 800... united most of Western and Central Europe... Carolingian dynasty... eldest son of Pepin the Short... conquests of Bavaria, Saxony, and northern Spain... crowned emperor in Rome by Pope Leo III... forerunner to the line of Holy Roman Emperors... reforms in administration, law, education, military organization, and religion..." (Wikipedia: Charlemagne, 2.23.26 UTC 18:59)

Louis the Pious (778-840 AD)

"...King of the Franks and co-emperor with his father, Charlemagne... King of Aquitaine... conquered Barcelona from the Emirate of Córdoba... authority over Pamplona and the Basques south of the Pyrenees... sought to establish a suitable division of the realm... empire torn by civil war between his sons..." (Wikipedia: Louis the Pious, 2.7.26 UTC 11:11)

Eleanor of Aquitaine (c. 1124-1204)

"...duchess of Aquitaine... queen of France from 1137 to 1152 as the wife of King Louis VII... queen of England from 1154 to 1189 as the wife of King Henry II... House of Poitiers..." (Wikipedia: Eleanor of Aquitaine, 2.23.26 UTC 12:36)

Philip II of France (1165-1223)

"...King of France... conflicts with the House of Plantagenet, Philip succeeded in putting an end to the Angevin Empire... transformed France into the most prosperous and powerful country in Europe... checked the power of the nobles..." (Wikipedia: Philip II of France, 1.31.26 UTC 21:59)

Louis IX of France (1214-1270)

"...King of France... most distinguished of the Direct Capetians... annexing several provinces, including parts of Aquitaine, Maine, and Provence... led the ill-fated Seventh and Eighth Crusades... reforms in the French legal system... enforced Catholic orthodoxy..." (Wikipedia: Louis IX of France, 2.25.26 UTC 01:01)

Philip IV of France (1268-1314)

"...King of France... King of Navarre... war with the County of Flanders... expelled the Jews from France, followed by the total destruction of the Knights Templar... tried to tax and impose state control over the Catholic Church in France... Avignon Papacy of 1309 to 1376..." (Wikipedia: Philip IV of France, 1.9.26 UTC 13:07)

Louis XI (1423-1483)

"...King of France... Charles the Bald, took up arms against his rival Louis. However, Louis was able to isolate Charles from his English allies by signing the Treaty of Picquigny (1475) with Edward IV of England. The treaty formally ended the Hundred Years' War... seize numerous Burgundian territories..." (Wikipedia: Louis XI, 2.5.26 UTC 17:11)

Francis I of France (1494-1547)

"...King of France... promoted the emergent French Renaissance by attracting many Italian artists to work for him, including Leonardo da Vinci... spread of humanism and Protestantism... exploration of the New World... continued the Italian Wars... formed a Franco-Ottoman alliance..." (Wikipedia: Francis I of France, 2.8.26 UTC 19:05)

Catherine de' Medici (1519-1589)

"...Italian Florentine noblewoman... Queen of France from 1547 to 1559 by marriage to King Henry II... became regent on behalf of her 10-year-old son Charles IX... civil and religious war in France... rebelling Calvinist Protestants... St. Bartholomew's Day massacre..." (Wikipedia: Catherine de' Medici, 2.21.26 UTC 19:50)

Henry IV of France (1553-1610)

"...King of Navarre... King of France from 1589 to 1610... House of Bourbon... involved in the French Wars of Religion... led Protestant forces against the French royal army... converted to Catholicism... promulgated the Edict of Nantes (1598), which guaranteed religious liberties to Protestants... French colonization of the Americas..." (Wikipedia: Henry IV of France, 2.26.26 UTC 00:34)

Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642)

"...French Catholic prelate and statesman... Consecrated a bishop in 1607... appointed Foreign Secretary in 1616... cardinal in 1622... chief minister to King Louis XIII in 1624... Thirty Years' War... suppressing the Huguenot rebellions... alliances with Protestant states like the Kingdom of England and the Dutch Republic..." (Wikipedia: Cardinal Richelieu, 2.22.26 UTC 16:48)

Cardinal Mazarin (1602-1661)

"...Italian Catholic prelate, diplomat and politician... chief minister to the Kings of France Louis XIII and Louis XIV... cardinal in 1641... services to Cardinal Richelieu... victories in the Thirty Years' War... Peace of Westphalia... Treaty of the Pyrenees..." (Wikipedia: Cardinal Mazarin, 1.7.26 UTC 11:25)

Louis XIV (1638-1715)

"...King of France... His reign last 72 years and 110 days, which is the longest of any monarch in history... French colonial expansion... conclusion of the Thirty Years' War... sought to eliminate the remnants of feudalism... enforced uniformity of religion under the Catholic Church... revocation of the Edict of Nantes... Franco-Dutch War, the Nine Years' War, and the War of Spanish Succession..." (Wikipedia: Louis XIV, 2.18.26 UTC 12:05)

Louis XV (1710-1774)

"...King of France... succeeded his great-grandfather Louis XIV... returned the Austrian Netherlands... ceded New France in North America to Great Britain and Spain at the conclusion of the disastrous Seven Years' War... incorporated territories of the Duchy of Lorraine and the Corsican Republic..." (Wikipedia: Louis XV, 2.19.26 UTC 07:51)

Madame de Pompadour (1721-1764)

"...member of the French court... chief mistress of King Louis XV from 1745 to 1751... valued aide and advisor... patron of architecture and decorative arts..." (Wikipedia: Madame de Pompadour, 2.11.26 UTC 08:30)

Louis XVI (1754-1793)

"...last king of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution... efforts to increase tolerance toward non-Catholics... deregulation of the grain market... supported the North American colonists... Estates General of 1789... storming of the Bastille, which forced Louis to recognize the legislative authority of the National Assembly... arrested during the Insurrection of 10 August 1792... executed by guillotine..." (Wikipedia: Louis XVI, 2.13.26 UTC 15:53)

Marie Antoinette (1755-1793)

"...queen of France... execution during the French Revolution... Born an archduchess of Austria... youngest daughter of Empress Maria Theresa and Emperor France I... target of criticism by opponents of the domestic and foreign policies of Louis XVI... country's financial crisis was blamed on her lavish spending..." (Wikipedia: Marie Antoinette, 2.24.26 UTC 19:53)

Napoleon (1769-1821)

"...campaigns across Europe during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars... First Consul from 1799 to 1804, then ruled the French Empire as Emperor of the French... campaign against the Austrians and their Italian allies... invasion of Egypt and Syria... Coup of 18 Brumaire... dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire... defeated Prussia... defeated the Russians... invaded the Iberian Peninsula... defeated at the Battle of Leipzig... exiled him to the Mediterranean island... escaped Elba on a brig... defeated him at the Battle of Waterloo... exiled to the remote island of Saint Helena..." (Wikipedia: Napoleon, 2.20.26 UTC 21:55)

Louis Philippe I (1773-1850)

"...King of the French from 1840 to 1848... Orléans branch of the Bourbon family... abdicated from his throne during the French Revolution of 1848... exile for 21 years until the Bourbon Restoration... sponsored colonial expansion, notably the French conquest of Algeria..." (Wikipedia: Louis Philippe I, 2.23.26 UTC 23:58)

Napoleon III (1808-1873)

"...President of France from 1848 to 1852... Emperor of the French from 1852... son of Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland and the nephew of Napoleon... grand reconstruction of Paris... building of the Suez Canal... defeated Russia in the Crimean War... defeating the Austrian Empire in the Second Italian War of Independence... annexed Savoy and Nice... doubled the area of the French colonial empire... declared war on Prussia..." (Wikipedia: Napoleon III, 2.21.26 UTC 13:12)

Adolphe Thiers (1797-1877)

"...President of France from 1871 to 1873... key figure in the July Revolution of 1830... Revolution of 1848... served as a prime minister in 1836 and 1840... When the Paris Commune seized power in March 1971, Theirs gave orders to the army for its suppression... departure of German soldiers from most of French territory..." (Wikipedia: Adolph Thiers, 2.22.26 UTC 10:10)

Georges Clemenceau (1841-1929)

"...prime minister of France from 1906 to 1909 and again from 1917 until 1920... amid the end of the First World War... advocating for the separation of church and state... amnesty of the Communards... stood for reparations, a transfer of colonies, strict rules to prevent a rearming process... restitution of Alsace-Lorraine... achieved these goals through the Treaty of Versailles..." (Wikipedia: Georges Clemenceau, 2.23.26 UTC 22:30)

Charles de Gaulle (1890-1970)

"...French general and statesman who led the Free French Forces against Nazi Germany and Vichy France in World War II... chaired the Provisional Government of the French Republic from 1944 to 1946... commissioned a new constitution which was approved by voters in a referendum, establishing the Fifth Republic... elected President of France... protests by students and workers in May 68..." (Wikipedia: Charles de Gaulle, 2.24.26 UTC 16:46)

François Mitterrand (1916-1996)

"...President of France from 1981 to 1995... left-wing economic agenda, including nationalization of key firms... end of a government monopoly in radio and television broadcasting... abandoned his nationalization program, in favor of austerity and market liberalization... bombing of the Rainbow Warrior, a Greenpeace vessel... advanced European integration..." (Wikipedia: François Mitterrand, 2.21.26 UTC 13:25)

License: CC BY-SA 4.0