Alex Peek blog: March 2026

Sunday, March 29, 2026

Collection of facts about the Timurid Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Timurid Empire (1370-1507). There are 11 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Based in modern-day Iran
Extended to Iraq, Afghanistan, Central Asia, South Caucasus, Pakistan, North India, Turkey
Founded by Timur (r. 1370-1405) from the Turco-Mongol Barlas tribe
Fought Kingdom of Georgia
Fought Golden Horde (1394-1395)
Destroyed Baghdad in 1401
Defeated Ottoman Empire in 1402
Lost territory to Aq Qoyunlu
Fall of Samarkand in 1505
Fall of Herat (capital) in 1507
Timur's descendant, Babur founded the Mughal Empire in 1526

Collection of facts about the Seljuk Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Seljuk Empire (1037-1194). There are 12 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Based in modern-day Iran
Extended Anatolia, Levant, Central Asia, Persian Gulf, Hindu Kush
Ruled by Qïnïq branch of Oghuz Turks
Founded by Tughril and Chaghri
Fought in the Byzantine-Seljuk wars
Fought in Georgian-Seljuk wars
Battle of Manzikert (1071)
First Crusade (1095-1099)
Second Crusade (1147-1149)
Defeated by vassal state Kara-Khanid Khanate in 1141
Conquered by Khwarazmian Empire in 1194
Sultanate of Rum (last Seljuk sultanate) fell in 1308

List of African history posts

This post is a list of African history posts for this blog. There are 16 posts listed below by topic and chronologically by historical date or post date.

Civilizations, empires, nations (7)

Carthage (814 - 146 BC)
Kingdom of Kush (780 BC - 350 AD)
Kingdom of Aksum (1st century - 960 AD)
Ghana Empire (300 AD - 13th century)
Mali Empire (1235-1610)
Oyo Empire (1570-1836)
Asante Empire (1701-1902)

Miscellaneous

Collection of facts about the Asante Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Asante Empire (1701-1902). There are 16 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Based in modern-day Ghana
Conquered Denkyira and gained independence in 1701
Fought Twifo (1712-1715)
Fought Aowin, Nzima and Wassa (1721-1722)
Conquered Bono in 1722
Fought Akyem in 1742
Ashanti-Fante War (1806-1807)
Ga-Fante War (1811)
Ashanti-Akim-Akwapim War (1814-1816)
Annexed Fante Confederacy (1816)
First Anglo-Ashanti War (1823-1831)
Second Anglo-Ashanti War (1863-1864)
Third Anglo-Ashanti War (1873-1874)
Fourth Anglo-Ashanti War (1895-1896)
War of the Golden Stool (1900)
Annexed by British Gold Coast colony in 1902

Collection of facts about the Oyo Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Oyo Empire (c. 1570-1836). There are 10 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Based in West Africa (Nigeria, Benin)
Preceded by Ife Empire
Yoruba language
Oranmiyan was first king of Oyo (c. 13th - 14th century)
Occupied by Nupe people (c. 1535)
Failed to conquer Benin Kingdom c. 1578-1608
Invaded the Kingdom of Dahomey 1728-1748
Defeated invading Ashanti Empire in 1764
Dahomey Revolt in 1823
Ilorin destroyed Oyo-Ile (capital) in 1835

Saturday, March 28, 2026

Collection of facts about the Kingdom of Aksum

This post is a collection of facts about the Kingdom of Aksum (1st century - 960 AD). There are 10 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Based in East Africa (northern Ethiopia, eastern Sudan, Eritrea, Yemen)
Preceded by D'mt civilization
Capital: Axum (moved to Kubar in 9th century AD)
Expanded under Gedara (c. 200 - 230 AD)
Influenced by Greco-Roman culture
Adopted Christianity in 4th century AD
Conquered Kingdom of Kush in 330 AD
Invaded Himyarite Kingdom in (6th century AD)
Defeated in Aksumite-Persian wars (570 - 578 AD)
Disputed invasion by Gudit in 960 AD

Collection of facts about the Ghana Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Ghana Empire (c. 300 AD - 13th century). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Based in West Africa
Regarded as wealthy by 8th century AD
Trade routes with Egypt and North Africa
Possibly conquered by Almoravid dynasty c. 1076
Converted to Islam c. 1076
Conquered by Sosso Empire in 1203
Became a vasal of the Mali Empire c. 1235

Collection of facts about the Kingdom of Kush

This post is a collection of facts about the Kingdom of Kush (c. 780 BC - 350 AD). There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Based in Nubia and Nile Valley (modern-day Sudan, Egypt)
Preceded by Kerma city-state (2450 - 1450 BC) and the New Kingdom of Egypt (1550 - 1070 BC)
King Kashta became King of Upper Egypt (8th century BC)
Piye invaded Lower Egypt and established the 25th Dynasty
Kush ruled Egypt until Assyrian invasion in 7th century BC
Meroë became the capital in 591 BC
Northern Nubia occupied by Ptolemaic Kingdom and Roman Empire (3rd century BC - 3rd century AD)
Invaded by Noba people in 4th century AD
Meroë captured by Kingdom of Aksum

Collection of facts about the Mali Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Mali Empire (c. 1235 - 1610). There are 12 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Based in West Africa
Preceded by Ghana Empire and Sosso Empire
Founded by Sundiata Keita
Conquest of Sosso in 1235
Sakura led military coup in 1285
Mansa Musa ruled 1312-1337
Timbuktu annexed in 1324
Mansa Musa pilgrimage to Mecca (1324-1326)
Lost control of Timbuktu (1433-1434)
Invaded by Songhai Empire in 1542
Defeat at Battle of Jenné in 1599
Empire dissolved and split between sons of Mahmud Keita IV in 1610

Collection of facts about the Golden Horde

This post is a collection of facts about the Golden Horde (c. 1225-1502). There are 16 facts listed below). Source: Wikipedia

Originally khanate in northwestern part of the Mongol Empire
Gained independence in 1259
Initially ruled by Jochi in 1225
Blue Horde founded by Batu Khan
White Horde founded by Orda Khan
Toluid Civil War (1260-1264)
Berke-Hulagu War (1262-1266)
Great Troubles (1359-1381)
Blue Horde and White Horde reunited in 1379
Tokhtamysh ruled 1379-1395
Invaded by the Timurid Empire in 1396
Became the Great Horde in 1466
Great Stand on the Ugra River in 1480
Sarai (capital) sacked by the Crimean Khanate in 1502
Crimean Khanate survived until 1783
Kazakh Khanate survived until 1847

Collection of facts about the Goths

This post is a collection of facts about the Goths. There are 11 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Germanic people
Originally based in Ukraine, Moldova, Romania
Associated with Chernyakhov culture
Pushed westward by Alans and Huns
Raids on the Roman Empire
Battle of Abritus (251 AD)
Battle of Adrianople in 378 AD
Multiple Gothic Wars
Visigoths and Alaric I sacked Rome in 410 AD
Ostrogothic Kingdom formed in 493 AD
Crimean Goths remained around the Black Sea

Collection of facts about the Minoan civilization

This post is a collection of facts about the Minoan civilization (c. 3100 - 1100 BC). There are 6 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Based on Crete
Sites at Knossos and Phaistos
Known for palaces, frescos, pottery and seals
Used Cretan hieroglyphs and Linear A
Eruption of Thera (c. 1600)
Succeeded by Mycenaean Greece

Thursday, March 26, 2026

Collection of facts about the Inca Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Inca Empire (1438-1572). There are 11 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Based in present-day Peru and Andean Mountains
Extended to Chile, west Ecuador, south Bolivia, northwest Argentina
Capital: Cusco
Languages: Quechua, Aymara, Puquina, Mochica
Preceded by Kingdom of Cusco, Tiwanaku Empire, Wari Empire
Pachacuti reorganized the government of Kingdom of Cusco in 1438
Fought the Kingdom of Chimor
Inca Civil War (1529-1532)
First encounter with Europeans in 1524
Spanish Empire invaded Inca Empire in 1532
Last Inca state conquered in 1572

Wednesday, March 25, 2026

Collection of facts about the Aztec Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Aztec Empire (1428-1521). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Based in the Valley of Mexico
Preceded by civil war involving Azcapotzalco
Alliance of Mexico-Tenochtitlan, Tetzcoco, Tlacopan
Founded by Itzcoatl (r. 1427-1440)
Organized around city-states
Fought the Purépecha Empire multiple times
Conquered by Spanish Empire in 1521

Collection of facts about the Maya civilization

This post is a collection of facts about the Maya civilization (c. 2000 BC - 1697 AD). There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Based in the Maya Region (Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, western Honduras, western El Salvador)
Over 6 million descendants today
First Maya cities emerged around 750 BC
Sites at Tikal, Calakmul, Teotihuacan and Chichen Itza
Built pyramid-temples
Maya script writing system
Practiced human sacrifice
Spanish Empire colonized Mesoamerica in the 16th century
Fall of Nojpetén (last Maya city) in 1697

Collection of facts about the Olmecs

This post is a collection of facts about the Olmecs (c. 1200 - 400 BC). There are 6 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Based on modern-day Veracruz and Tabasco (Mexico)
Sites at San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán and La Venta
Stone colossal head artwork
Played Mesoamerican ballgame
Great Pyramid built at La Venta
Cascajal Block writing

Tuesday, March 24, 2026

Collection of facts about the Mughal Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Mughal Empire (c. 1526-1857). There are 15 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Based in South Asia
Indus River in the west, northern Afghanistan in the northwest, Kashmir in the north, Bangladesh in the east, Deccan Plateau in the south
Founded by Babur
First Battle of Panipat (1526)
Mughal-Afghan Wars (1526-1752)
Mughal Interregnum (1540-1555)
Akbar reigned 1556-1605
Second Battle of Panipat (1556)
Taj Mahal commissioned by Shah Jahan (r. 1628-1658)
Deccan wars (1680-1707)
Nader Shah's invasion of India (1738-1740)
Third Battle of Panipat (1761)
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar exiled (1858)
Succeeded by the British Raj

Collection of facts about the Maurya Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Maurya Empire (c. 320 - 185 BC). There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Based in South Asia
Founded by Chandragupta Maurya
Nanda-Mauryan War (c. 320 BC)
Conquest of Greek satrapies (317 - 313 BC)
Seleucid-Mauryan War (305 - 303 BC)
Kalinga War (261 BC)
Ashoka reigned c. 268 - 232 BC
Ashoka embraced Buddhism
Brihadratha assassinated in 185 BC

Monday, March 23, 2026

Collection of facts about the Indus Valley Civilization

This post is a collection of facts about the Indus Valley Civilization (c. 3300 - 1300 BC). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Based in northwestern South Asia
Modern-day Pakistan, northwestern India, northeastern Afghanistan
Alluvial plains of the Indus River
Associated Harappa site and Harappan culture
Elaborate urban planning, water supply systems, metallurgy
Indus script is undeciphered today
Possible relation to Dravidian or Elamo-Dravidian language family

Collection of facts about the Gupta Empire

This post is a collection of facts about the Gupta Empire (c. 240 - 579 AD). There are 12 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Based in northern India
Founded by Gupta (king)
Coincided with Pax Gupta
Canonization of Mahabharata and Ramayana
Puranas written in texts
Samudragupta reigned c. 335 - 375 AD
Gupta-Saka Wars (c. 375 - 385 AD)
Chandragupta II reigned c. 380 - 415 AD
Gupta-Kidarite Conflicts (c. 390 - 450 AD)
Kumaragupta I reigned c. 415 - 455 AD
Gupta-Hunnic Wars (c. 460 - 500AD)
Invaded by Alchon Huns late 490s AD

Sunday, March 22, 2026

Collection of facts about the Great Famine

This post is a collection of facts about the Great Famine (1845-1852). There are 6 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Caused by inflection of potato crops and single-crop dependence
Estimated 1 million deaths in Ireland
Over 2.1 million people fled Ireland
Estimated 100,000 deaths outside of Ireland
British Whig government ended famine relief to Ireland
Food exported out of Ireland and Britain refused to ban exports

Collection of facts about the Sino-Burmese War

This post is a collection of facts about the Sino-Burmese War (1765-1769). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

China (Qing dynasty) vs. Burma (Konbaung dynasty)
China invaded Burma four times
First two invasions defeated at the border
Third invasion almost reached the capital Ava and was defeated
Fourth invasion defeated at the border
Truce established in 1769
Burma retained independence
Diplomatic relationship resumed in 1790

Collection of facts about the Second Italo-Ethiopian War

This post is a collection of facts about the Second Italo-Ethiopian War (1935-1937). There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Italy attacked Ethiopia simultaneously from Eritrea and Somalia in 1935
Aksum was invaded and an obelisk was stolen
Italian air force dropped 330 tons of mustard gas
Nazi Germany sent arms to Ethiopia due to Italy's objection to Germany annexing Austria
Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie fled in 1936
Italy annexed Ethiopia in 1936
Eritrea, Italian Somaliland and Ethiopia merged into Italian East Africa
Yekatit 12 massacre in 1937
Estimated 120,000 to 200,000 civilian deaths

Collection of facts about the Second Congo War

This post is a collection of facts about the Second Congo War (1998-2003). There are 11 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Democratic Republic Congo, Angola, Chad, Namibia, Zimbabwe vs. Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi
Preceded by the First Congo War (1996-1997)
Operation Kitona (1998) aimed to remove Laurent-Désiré Kabila from power
Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement in 1999
Six Day War (2000)
Laurent-Désiré Kabila assassinated in 2001 and replaced by son Joseph Kaliba
Pygmy genocide (2002-2003)
Rwanda withdraws troops in the Pretoria Accord (2002)
Ended with establishment of the Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2003
Estimated 5.4 million deaths
Followed by the Kivu conflict and ongoing Ituri conflict

Collection of facts about the Angolan Civil War

This post is a collection of facts about the Angolan Civil War (1975-2002). There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) vs. National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA)
Preceded by gaining independence from Portugal in 1975
Soviet Union supported the MPLA while the United States supported UNITA
MPLA ousted the FNLA government in 1975
Battle of Cuito Cuanavale (1987-1988)
UNITA leader Jonas Savimbi killed in 2002
MPLA and UNITA agree to a cease-fire in 2002
Estimated 500,000 to 800,000 deaths
Over 4 million people displaced

Collection of facts about the Rwandan genocide

This post is a collection of facts about the Rwandan genocide (1994). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Preceded by Rwandan Hutu Revolution (1959-1962)
Part of the Rwandan Civil War (1990-1994)
President Juvénal Habyarimana assassinated in 1994
Tutsi ethic group members killed by Hutu militias
Ended when Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) defeated government forces
Hutus fled to Zaire and led to the First Congo War in 1996
Estimated 500,000 to 662,000 deaths
Lasted about 100 days

Collection of facts about the Algerian War

This post is a collection of facts about the Algerian War (1954-1962). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

France vs. Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN)
Toussaint Rouge attacks on November 1st, 1954
Philippeville massacre in 1955
Battle of Algiers (1956-1957)
Charles de Gaulle began negotiations with FLN
Évian Accords approved by referendum in 1962
Algeria gained independence in 1962
Estimated 400,000 to 1.5 million Algerian deaths

Collection of facts about the Second Boer War

This post is a collection of facts about the Second Boer War (1899-1902). There are 11 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

United Kingdom vs. Boer republics (South African Republic, Orange Free State)
Preceded by Witwatersrand Gold Rush and British from Cape Colony moving to South African Republic
Failed negotiations at the Bloemfontein Conference in 1899
Boers attacked Cape Colony in 1899
U.K. sent 180,000 troops to invade the Boer republics in 1900
South African Republic and Orange Free State annexed by U.K. in 1900
Boer republics responded with a guerrilla campaign
Over 100,000 Boer civilians sent to concentration camps
Ended with the Treaty of Vereeniging in 1902
Resulted in British war crimes trial
Union of South Africa formed in 1910

Collection of facts about the Anglo-Zulu War

This post is a collection of facts about the Anglo-Zulu War (1879). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

United Kingdom vs. Zulu Kingdom
Occurred in present-day South Africa
U.K. sent an ultimatum to Zulu Kingdom in 1878
Zulu leaders rejected the ultimatum
Battle of Isandlwana (1879)
Battle of Rorke's Drift (1879)
Battle of Ulundi (1879)
Zulu Kingdom annexed in 1887

Saturday, March 21, 2026

Collection of facts about the Nigerian Civil War

This post is a collection of facts about the Nigerian Civil War (1967-1970). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Nigeria vs. Biafra
Preceded by U.K. decolonization from 1960 to 1963
Also preceded by 1966 coup d'état and anti-Igbo pogroms
Biafra declared independence from Nigeria in 1967
Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu led Biafra
Nigerian government imposed a blockade on Biafra
Biafra surrendered in 1970 and Nigeria reunited
Estimated 500,000 to 2 million deaths from starvation

Collection of facts about the Ethiopian Civil War

This post is a collection of facts about the Ethiopian Civil War (1974-1991). There are 10 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Derg vs. rebels (TPLF, EPLF, etc.)
Haile Selassie overthrown by Derg in a coup d'état in 1974
Derg established Marxist-Leninist state
Soviet Union supported the Derg
Red Terror began in 1976 and killed 30,000 to 750,000 people
Ethiopian famine of 1983-1985
Derg ended its military junta in 1987
EPRDF invaded the capital in 1991 and President Mengistu Haile Mariam fled
TPLF led the new Transitional Government of Ethiopia
At least 1.4 million people killed including 1 million from famine

Collection of facts about the Troubles

This post is a collection of facts about the Troubles (late 1960s - 1998). There are 12 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Conflict over status Northern Ireland
Loyalists wanted to remain part of the United Kingdom
Republicans wanted to leave United Kingdom and join Ireland
Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association led initial protests
British troops deployed during the August 1969 riots
13 unarmed people killed during Bloody Sunday in 1972
Republican paramilitaries: IRA and INLA
Loyalist paramilitaries: UVF and UDA
Republicans conducted guerrilla campaign and bombings
Over 3,500 people killed
Ended with the Good Friday Agreement in 1998
Resulted in self-government based on power sharing

Collection of facts about the Polish-Soviet War

This post is a collection of facts about the Polish-Soviet War (1919-1921). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Preceded by World War I, Russian Revolution and Polish-Ukrainian War
Russia expanded westward and annulled the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Poland aimed to restore pre-1722 borders
Kiev offensive launched in 1920
Polish victory at the Battle of Warsaw in 1920
Ended with the Peace of Riga in 1921
Border established about 200 km east of the Curzon Line

Collection of facts about the Turkish War of Independence

This post is a collection of facts about the Turkish War of Independence (1919-1922). There are 10 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Turkey vs. Greece, Britain, France, Armenia
Preceded by Ottoman Empire defeat in World War I
Mustafa Kemal established a nationalist government
Allies pressured the Ottoman Empire to suspend the Constitution and Parliament
Turkey fought France in southern Anatolia
Turkey invaded Armenia in 1920
Turkey fought Greece in western Anatolia
Ended with the Armistice of Mundanya in 1922
Resulted in the end of the Ottoman Empire
Republic of Turkey declared in 1923

Collection of facts about the Russo-Japanese War

This post is a collection of facts about the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Conflict over Manchuria and Korea
Preceded by the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)
Russia rejected Japan's influence over Korea
Japan attacked Port Arthur in 1904
Combat on the Liaodong Peninsula and Mukden
Naval combat in Yellow Sea and Sea of Japan
Ended with the Treaty of Portsmouth in 1905
Japan gains Port Arthur, Dalniy, southern Sakhalin and South Manchuria Railway

Collection of facts about the Philippine-American War

This post is a collection of facts about the Philippine-American War (1899-1902). There are 12 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

United States annexed the Philippines in 1898 after the Spanish-American War
Philippine nationalists proclaimed independence in 1898
First Philippine Republic established in 1899
Battle of Manila in 1899
Philippine forces engaged in guerilla tactics
Filipino civilians sent to concentration camps
Estimated 200,000 - 250,000 civilian deaths
Philippine President Emilio Aguinaldo captured in 1901
Fighting continued after the end of the war in 1902
Moro Rebellion (1902-1913)
Commonwealth of the Philippines established in 1934
Philippines gained independence in 1946

Collection of facts about the War of the Pacific

This post is a collection of facts about the War of the Pacific (1879-1883). There are 11 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Chile vs. Bolivia, Peru
Dispute over coastal territory in the Atacama Desert
Also nitrate taxation dispute
Chile invaded Bolivian port of Antofagasta in 1879
Began with significant naval combat followed by land campaigns
Bolivia withdrew in 1880
Chile captured Peru's capital Lima in 1881
Ended with Treaty of Ancón in 1883
Armistice treaty between Chile and Bolivia in 1884
Chile gained Tarapacá, Litoral, Tacna and Arica
Bolivia became landlocked

Collection of facts about the Persian Constitutional Revolution

This post is a collection of facts about the Constitutional Revolution (1905-1911). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar signed the 1906 constitution
Established the Iranian parliament
Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar abolished the constitution
Parliament bombarded in 1908
Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar removed from power
Triumph of Tehran in 1909
Constitution re-established in 1909
Deputies of the Second Majlis removed from parliament in 1911

Collection of facts about the Italian Wars

This post is a collection of facts about the Italian Wars (1494-1559). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

France, England, Ottoman Empire vs. Holy Roman Empire, Spain
Italian States fought on both sides
Preceded by Italic League collapse in 1492
France invaded Naples in 1494
France invaded Lombardy and Piedmont in 1503
Ended with the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis in 1559
France gained Calais and Three Bishoprics
Spain gained Naples, Sicily and Milan

Collection of facts about the Mexican-American War

This post is a collection of facts about the Mexican-American War (1846-1848). There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Preceded by the American annexation of Texas in 1845
Mexico refused to recognize the Treaties of Velasco (1836)
Texas was an independent country (1836-1845)
President James K. Polk campaigned on U.S. expansion in 1844
United States invaded Mexico in 1846
Mexico City captured in 1847
Ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848
Mexico recognized cession of Texas, California, Nevada, Utah and parts of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico and Wyoming
Rio Grande recognized as the border between Mexico and the United States

Friday, March 20, 2026

Collection of facts about the Great Turkish War

This post is a collection of facts about the Great Turkish War (1683-1699). There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Ottoman Empire vs. Holy Roman Empire, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Russia, Venice, Hungary
Mostly concurrent with the Nine Years' War (1688-1697)
Battle of Vienna (1683)
Siege of Buda (1686)
Holy League captured Belgrade (1688)
Ottoman Empire retook Belgrade (1690)
Battle of Zenta (1697)
Ended with Treaty of Karlowitz (1699)
Ottoman Empire lost territory in Hungary, Transylvnia, Slavonia, Croatia, Podolia, Balkans

Collection of facts about the Iran-Iraq War

This post is a collection of facts about the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Preceded by the Iranian Revolution in 1979
Saddam Hussain wanted to prevent Iranian ideology from spreading
Border dispute over Shatt al-Arab river
Iraq invaded Iran in 1980
Iran invaded Iraq in 1982
Stalemate by 1988
Ended with the United Nations Security Council Resolution 598
Estimated 500,000 casualties

Collection of facts about the War of the Spanish Succession

This post is collection of facts about the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Caused by death of Charles II of Spain without children in 1700
Pro-Bourbon vs. Pro-Habsburg
Philip V supported by Louis XIV of France
Archduke Charles of Austria supported by Holy Roman Empire, Great Britain
Philip V became king of Spain in 1700
Ended with Peace of Utrecht, Treaty of Rastatt and Treaty of Baden
Philip V remained king but renounced his claim to the French succession line
Spain ceded Italian territories and Spanish Netherlands

Collection of facts about the War of the Austrian Succession

This post is a collection of facts about the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

France, Prussia, Bavaria vs. Austria, Great Britain, Dutch Republic, Hanover
Caused by Maria Theresa's right to inherit Austria
First Silesian War (1740-1742)
Second Silesian War (1744-1745)
Ended with Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) confirming Maria Theresa
Austria ceded Silesia to Prussia
Led to the Seven Years' War in 1756

Thursday, March 19, 2026

List of Nintendo 64 games developed by Rare

This post is a list of Nintendo 64 games developed by Rare. There are 11 games listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Killer Instinct (1996)
Blast Corps (1997)
GoldenEye 007 (1997)
Diddy Kong Racing (1997)
Banjo-Kazooie (1998)
Jet Force Gemini (1999)
Donkey Kong 64 (1999)
Perfect Dark (2000)
Mickey's Speedway USA (2000)
Banjo-Tooie (2000)
Conker's Bad Fur Day (2001)

Collection of facts about the Cretan War

This post is a collection of facts about the Cretan War (1645-1669). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Ottoman Empire vs. Republic of Venice
Conflict over the island of Crete
Previously Venice's largest overseas possession
Crete was conquered by the Ottoman Empire
Venice attempted a naval blockade on Crete
Siege of Candia (1648-1669)
Peace treaty signed after the surrender of Candia
Crete controlled by Ottoman Empire until 1897

Collection of facts about the Livonian War

This post is a collection of facts about the Livonian War (1558-1583). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Russia vs. Denmark-Norway, Sweden, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Conflict over present-day Estonia and Latvia
Russia controlled the region 1558 to 1578
Battle of Wenden (1577-1578)
Swedish Estonia established
Denmark-Norway purchased Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek
Ended with the Truce of Jam Zapolski and Truce of Plussa
Russia lost control of Livonia, Polotsk, Ingria

Collection of facts about the Great Northern War

This post is a collection of facts about the Great Northern War (1700-1721). There are 6 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Sweden vs. Russia, Denmark-Norway, Saxony-Poland-Lithuania
Swedish Army led by Charles XII
Battle of Poltava in 1709
Ended with Treaties of Stockholm, Treaty of Frederiksborg, Treaty of of Nystad
Sweden lost Baltic provinces and part of Swedish Pomerania
Over 1,000,000 deaths

Collection of facts about the Hussite Wars

This post is a collection of facts about the Hussite Wars (1419-1434). There are 6 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Hussites vs. Catholic forces (Holy Roman Empire, Papacy)
Jan Hus excommunicated by the Catholic Church in 1415
Sigismund launched a crusade against the Hussites
Jan Žižka lead the Hussite army
Moderate Utraquist faction defeated radical Taborite faction in 1434
Ended when moderate Hussites submitted to authority of the King of Bohemia and Catholic Church

Wednesday, March 18, 2026

Collection of facts about the East-West Schism

This post is a collection of facts about the East-West Schism (1054). There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Break between Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church
Disputes: procession of the Holy Spirit, leavened or unleavened bread, iconoclasm, coronation of Charlemagne, papal supremacy, and See of Constantinople
Patriarch Michael I Cerularius closed Latin churches in Constantinople
Leo IX denied Cerularius the title 'ecumenical patriarch'
Cerularius refused and was excommunicated by Leo IX
Massacre of the Latins in 1182
Sack of Thessalonica in 1185
Siege of Constantinople and Fourth Crusade in 1204
Schism continues to present day

Collection of facts about the Black Death

This post is a collection of facts about the Black Death (1346-1353). There are 5 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Plague pandemic in Europe
Spread through the air and by fleas
25,000,000 to 50,000,000 deaths (30-60% of Europe's population)
Possibly introduced to Europe during Siege of Caffa in Crimea and carried back by fleas on ships sailing through the Mediterranean Sea
Known as second plague pandemic (first was plague of Justinian in 541 - 549 AD)

Collection of facts about the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period

This post is a collection of facts about the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (907 - 979 AD). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Five Dynasties ruled in succession in the Central Plain
Ten Kingdoms established
Near-constant warfare
Fall of the Tang dynasty in 907 AD
Song dynasty founded in 960 AD
Led to Song dynasty rule of South China
Led to Liao and Jin rule in North China

Collection of facts about the Warring States period

This post is a collection of facts about the Warring States period (c. 475 - 221 BC). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Preceded by the Spring and Autumn period
During the Zhou dynasty
Partition of Jin in 453 BC
Han, Zhao and Wei states officially recognized by Zhou in 403 BC
Qin's wars of unification (230 - 221 BC)
Ended when the Qin dynasty unified China in 221 BC
Led to first Chinese imperial dynastic state
Record of the Warring States written about this period

List of World Baseball Classic champions

This post is a list of World Baseball Classic champions. There are 6 champions listed below. Source: Wikipedia

2006: Japan
2009: Japan
2012: Dominican Republic
2017: United States
2023: Japan
2026: Venezuela

Tuesday, March 17, 2026

Collection of facts about the Sixteen Kingdoms period

This post is a collection of facts about the Sixteen Kingdoms period (304 - 439 AD). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Preceded by Western Jin reunification of China and War of the Eight Princes
Western Jin collapsed and then formed the Eastern Jin
Power vacuum led to civil wars, rebellions and famine
States formed by non-Han people in northern China
Five Barbarians: Xiongnu, Jie, Di, Qiang, Xianbei
Former Qin (376 - 838 AD) defeated by Eastern Jin
Northern Wei reunited the north ending the Sixteen Kingdoms period
Followed by Northern and Southern dynasties era

Collection of facts about the Spring and Autumn period

This post is a collection of facts about the Spring and Autumn period (c. 770 - 481 BC). There are 5 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

During the Eastern Zhou dynasty
Increased political autonomy for local lords
Spring and Autumn Annals is about the state of Lu
Ended with the partition of Jin
Followed by the Warring States period

Collection of facts about the Reconquista

This post is a collection of facts about the Reconquista (c. 718 - 1492). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Christian states vs. al-Andalus
Iberian Peninsula previously ruled by Visigothic Kingdom
Muslim Conquest of 711 established al-Andalus on the Iberian Peninsula
Kingdom of Asturias fought Umayyad Caliphate (8th century AD)
Caliphate of Córdoba collapsed in the 11th century into taifa states
Almoravids tried to unite the taifas
Portugal, León, Castile and Aragon fought Almohad Caliphate (12th - 13th century)
Granada captured in 1492 ending the Reconquista

Monday, March 16, 2026

Collection of facts about the An Lushan Rebellion

This post is a collection of facts about the An Lushan rebellion (755 - 763 AD). There 10 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Civil war in China during Tang dynasty
Yan dynasty attempted to replace Tang dynasty
Rebels captured capital Chang'an and emperor fled to Sichuan
Rebellion led by An Lushan
An Lushan killed by his son, An Qingxu in 757 AD
An Qingxu killed by Shi Siming in 759 AD
Shi Siming killed by his son, Shi Chaoyi in 761 AD
Yan dynasty defeated by Tang dynasty in 763 AD
Led to decline of Tang dynasty
Census population fell from 52 million to 16 million

Sunday, March 15, 2026

Collection of facts about the Civil rights movement

This post is a collection of facts about the Civil rights movement (1654-1968). There are 19 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Attempted to end racial segregation and discrimination in the U.S.
African Americans were most affected
American Civil War (1861-1865) led to abolishment of slavery
Reconstruction Amendments implemented
Jim Crow laws discriminated against African Americans
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) upheld Jim Crow laws
Brown v. Board of Education (1954) invalidated segregated-schooling laws
Martin Luther King Jr. led protests and civil disobedience campaigns
Montgomery bus boycott (1955-1956)
Browder v. Gayle (1956) ruled bus segregation unconstitutional
Children's Crusade march in 1963
March on Washington in 1963
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Selma to Montgomery march in 1965
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Loving v. Virginia (1967) ruled interracial marriages legal
Fair Housing Act of 1968
Black power movement emerged in the 1960's
Martin Luther King assassinated in 1968

Collection of states involved in the revolutions of 1848

This post is a collection of states involved int he revolutions of 1848. There are 19 states listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Austrian Empire
Grand Duchy of Baden
Lands of the Bohemian Crown
Kingdom of France
German Confederation
Galicia (region)
Duchy of Holstein
Kingdom of Hungary
Ireland (region)
Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
Duchy of Modena and Reggio
Moldavia
Grand Duchy of Posen
Kingdom of Prussia
Kingdom of Sardinia
Duchy of Schleswig
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Cantons of Switzerland
Wallachia

Saturday, March 14, 2026

Collection of facts about the unification of Italy

This post is a collection of facts about the unification of Italy (1848-1870). There are 11 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Kingdom of Sardinia annexed Italian states and established the Kingdom of Italy
Led by Camillo Benso and Giuseppe Garibaldi
Began during the Revolutions of 1848
First Italian War of Independence (1848-1849)
Second Italian War of Independence (1859)
Expedition of the Thousand (1860)
Victor Emmanuel became King of Italy (1861)
Third Italian War of Independence (1866)
Venetian plebiscite of 1866
Capture of Rome (1870)
Final states joined Italy in Treaty of Rapallo (1920)

Collection of facts about Holodomor

This post is a collection of facts about Holodomor (1932-1933). There are 6 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine
Debated if it was intentional to eliminate a Ukrainian independence movement
Caused by collectivization of agriculture and Soviet industrialization
Ukraine was a large grain-producing state and had high quotas
4.3 million tons of grain produced in 1932 harvest (7.2 million tons in 1931)
Deaths: 3.5 to 5 million

List of Roman civilization history posts

This post is a list of Roman civilization history posts for this blog. There are 15 posts listed below by topic and chronologically by post date.

Roman Kingdom

List of kings of the Roman Kingdom

Roman Republic

Roman Empire

Byzantine Empire

Miscellaneous

Collection of facts about the War of 1812

This post is a collection of facts about the War of 1812 (1812-1815). There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

United States vs. United Kingdom, Tecumseh's confederacy
British navy enforced restrictions on American trade in 1807
Britain provided military support to Indian tribes resisting the U.S.
U.S. declares war on Britain in 1812
Britain defeated U.S. invasions in Canada (1812-1814)
Chesapeake campaign (1813-1814)
Creek War in American South against Muscogee (1813-1814)
Washington captured and White House burned in 1814
Peace terms established in Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Collection of facts about the Gothic War

This post is a collection of facts about the Gothic War (535 - 554 AD). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Byzantine Empire vs. Ostrogothic Kingdom
Justinian's attempt to recover Western Roman Empire provinces
Fall of Ravenna (Ostrogothic capital) in 540 AD
Gothic revival led by Totila (541 - 553 AD)
Byzantium repels Frank and Alamanni invasions in 554 AD
Justinian established new Italian government in 554 AD
Byzantium lost Italy after Lombard invasion in 568 AD

Friday, March 13, 2026

Collection of facts about the Cuban Revolution

This post is a collection of facts about the Cuban Revolution (1953-1959). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Fulgencio Batista led coup d'état overthrowing Cuban democracy in 1952
Fidel Castro and Raúl Castro led attack on Moncada Barracks in 1953
Fidel Castro arrested and formed the 26th of July Movement (M-26-7)
Fidel Castro reenters Cuba from Mexico with Che Guevara in 1956
Batista's troops attack the rebels and they flee to Sierra Maestra
Batista ousted from power in 1958 and flees to Cuba
Fidel Castro became de facto leader of Cuba
Communist Party of Cuba established in 1965

Collection of facts about the September 11 attacks

This post is a collection of facts about the September 11 attacks. There are 10 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Perpetrated by al-Qaeda under Osama bin Laden
19 terrorists hijacked four planes
Twin Towers at the World Trade Center each hit by a plane (8:46 and 9:03 AM)
Pentagon hit by a plane (9:37 AM)
Fourth plane crashed into a Pennsylvania field (10:03 AM)
Fourth plane target was U.S. Capitol or the White House
Deaths: 2,996 (including 343 firefighters and 72 law enforcement)
Led to U.S. war on terror
Osama bin Laden killed in 2011
One World Trade Center completed in 2014

Collection of facts about the Iraq War

This post is a collection of facts about the Iraq War (2003-2011). There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

United States and allies vs. Iraq
Allies included United Kingdom, Australia, Poland
Preceded by September 11 attacks in 2001
U.S. invaded Iraq in 2003
U.S. falsely claimed Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction
Saddam Hussein captured in 2003 and executed in 2006
Civil war between Shia majority and Sunni minority (2006-2008)
U.S. troops withdrew by 2011
Led to Islamic State and War in Iraq (2013-2017)

Collection of facts about the Philippine Revolution

This post is a collection of facts about the Philippine Revolution (1896-1902). There are 14 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Philippines (Katipunan) vs. Spain
Span previously ruled the Philippines for 333 years
Andrés Bonifacio formed the Katipunan in 1892
Katipunan declared war on Spain in 1896
Magdiwang and Magdalo factions within Katipunan
Emilio Aguinaldo elected president in 1897
Andrés Bonifacio and his brother arrested and killed in 1897
USS Maine sunk in Cuba and U.S. declares war on Spain in 1898
U.S. seized control of Manila Bay in 1898
Philippines declared independence in 1898
U.S. gained control over Philippines in Treaty of Paris in 1898
Philippine-American War began in 1899
Philippines became an unincorporated territory of the United States in 1902
Philippines gained independence in 1946

Thursday, March 12, 2026

Collection of facts about the Roman-Persian wars

This post is a collection of facts about the Roman-Persian wars (54 BC - 628 AD). There are 17 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Began with Roman Republic vs. Parthian Empire
Ended with Byzantine Empire vs. Sasanian Empire
Rashidun Caliphate eventually conquered Sasanian Empire
Battle of Carrhae (58 BC)
Parthian invasion of 40 BC
Antony's Atropatene campaign (36 BC)
Roman-Parthian War of 58-63
Roman Parthian War of 161-166
Shapur I's first Roman campaign (240-244)
Perso-Roman Wars of 337-361
Julian's Persian expedition (363)
Anastasian War (502-506)
Iberian War (526-532)
Lazic War (541-562)
Byzantine-Sasanian War of 572-591
Byzantine-Sasanian War of 602-628
Siege of Constantinople in 626

Sources

Wikipedia: Roman-Persian wars, Antony's Atropatene campaign, Trajan's Parthian campaign, Parthian war of Caracalla, Shapur I's first Roman campaign, Anastasian War, Iberian War, Lazic War

Wednesday, March 11, 2026

Collection of facts about the Greco-Persian Wars

This post is a collection of facts about the Greco-Persian Wars (499 - 449 BC). There are 12 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Greek city-states vs. Achaemenid Empire
Aristagoras (tyrant of Miletus) incites the Ionian Revolt (499 - 493 BC)
Aristagoras with support of Athens and Eretria burned Persian city Sardis
Persians attack the Ionian Revolt in 494 BC
Persians invade Greece and subjugate Thrace and Macedon in 494 BC
Persians invade Greece again and siege Eretria in 490 BC
Persians defeated at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC
Xerxes led the second Persian invasion of Greece in 480 BC
Persian victory at the Battle of Thermopylae and burned Athens in 480 BC
Greek victory at Battle of Plataea ended Persian invasion in 479 BC
Persian fleet destroyed at the Battle of Mycale in 479 BC
Delian League continued to fight Persian garrisons until 449 BC

Collection of facts about the Peloponnesian War

This post is a collection of facts about the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC). There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Athens (Delian League) vs. Sparta (Peloponnesian League)
Archidamian War (431 - 421 BC)
Argive War (419 - 416 BC)
Sicilian Expedition (415 - 413 BC)
Achaemenid Empire supported Sparta after 413 BC
Decelean War (413 - 404 BC)
Resulted in Spartan victory and hegemony over Greece
Delian League democracies replaced with oligarchies
Athens ruled by Thirty Tyrants and later regained independence

Tuesday, March 10, 2026

Collection of facts about the Crisis of the Third Century

This post is a collection of facts about the Crisis of the Third Century (235 - 284 AD). There are 14 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Crisis in the Roman Empire
Barbarian invasions, civil wars and rebellions
Attacks from the Sassanid Empire
Debasement of the currency and hyperinflation
Breakdown of trade networks
Serverus Alexander assassinated in 235 AD
Year of the Six Emperors: 238 AD
Plague of Cyprian (249 - 262 AD)
Valerian captured in 260 AD
Gallic Empire (Gaul, Britain, Hispania) seceded in 260 AD
Aegyptus (Syria, Palestine, Aegyptus) seceded in 267 AD
Aurelian (r. 270 - 275 AD) united the empire
Aurelian assassinated in 275 AD
Diocletian ended the civil war in 285 AD

Monday, March 9, 2026

List of Macedonian Wars

This post is a list of Macedonian Wars (214 - 148 BC). There are 5 wars listed below chronologically. Source: Wikipedia

First Macedonian War (214 - 205 BC)
Second Macedonian War (200 - 196 BC)
Roman-Seleucid War (192 - 188 BC)
Third Macedonian War (172 - 168 BC)
Fourth Macedonian War (150 - 148 BC)

Sunday, March 8, 2026

Collection of facts about the Gallic Wars

This post is a collection of facts about the Gallic Wars (58 - 50 BC). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Roman Republic vs. Gauls, Germani, Britons, Aquitani
Began with migration of the Helvetii in 58 BC
Julius Caesar commanded the Roman army
Caesar led expedition across the English Channel
Vercingetorix attempted to united Gallic tribes
Battle of Alesia in 52 BC led to Roman victory
Roman Republic annexed Gaul

Collection of facts about the Fall of Constantinople

This post is a collection of facts about the Fall of Constantinople (1453). There are 6 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Constantinople was the capital of the Byzantine Empire
Marked the end of the Roman Empire
Attacking Ottoman Army led by Sultan Mehmed II
Walls of Constantinople overcome by gunpowder and cannons
53-day siege and captured on May 29th, 1453
Constantinople became Ottoman Empire capital

List of United States history posts

This post is a list of United States history posts for this blog. There are 24 posts* listed below by topic and chronologically by post date.

States and cities

Miscellaneous

* not counting Basic timeline of the United States (already listed at List of country history posts)

Collection of facts about the Lewis and Clark Expedition

This post is a collection of facts about the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806). There are 10 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Preceded by the Louisiana Purchase in 1803
Commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson
Led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark
Started at Camp Dubois, Illinois in May 1804 with 30 other members
Joined by additional 10 members in St. Charles, Missouri
Shoshone Native American Sacagawea served as an interpreter and guide
Followed the Missouri River and crossed Lemhi Pass
Then followed Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean in November 1805
Return voyage began March 1806 and ended September 1806
Documented biodiversity and geography

Collection of facts about the American Revolutionary War

This post is a collection of facts about the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783). There are 14 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Thirteen Colonies vs. Great Britain
Stamp Act and Townshend Acts increased tensions
Boson Massacre in 1770
Battles of Lexington and Concord in 1775
George Washington appointed commander-in-chief of Continental Army
United States Declaration of Independence adopted on July 4th, 1776
Britain captures New York City in 1776
Washington crosses the Delaware River in 1776
Continental Congress fled to Baltimore in 1777
France signs Treaty of Alliance with the U.S. in 1778
U.S. conducts Sullivan Expedition against Iroquois in 1779
Spain allies with France in 1779
Siege of Yorktown in 1781 led to negotiations
Britain recognizes U.S. independence in Treaty of Paris
Treaties of Versailles ends British conflict with France and Spain

Collection of facts about the Thirty Years' War

This post is a collection of facts about the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648). There are 12 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Caused by religious conflict, French-Habsburg rivalry and Dutch Revolt
Ferdinand II replaced by Frederick V as king of Bohemia in 1618
Ferdinand II regained control during the Bohemian Revolt
Frederick V expanded fighting into the Palatinate
Dutch Republic, Spain, Denmark and Sweden intervened
Civil war within Holy Roman Empire largely ended with Peace of Prague in 1635
France entered the war against Habsburg rivals (Spain, Holy Roman Empire)
Peace of Westphalia ended the war in 1648
Bavaria and Saxony gained greater autonomy
Sweden gained territory in northern Germany
Dutch Republic gained independence
4,500,000 to 8,000,000 deaths

Collection of facts about the English Civil War

This post is a collection of facts about the English Civil War (1642-1651). There are 10 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Parliamentarians vs. Royalists
Fought over Parliament's role in government
Part of the War of Three Kingdoms (1639-1653)
Included the First English Civil War (1642-1646), Second English Civil War (1648-1649) and Anglo-Scottish War (1650-1652)
New Model Army fought for the Parliamentarians
Oliver Cromwell became Lord Protector in 1653
Charles I executed in 1649
Commonwealth of England established in 1649
Charles II crowned King of Scotland in 1650
Ireland and Scotland incorporated into Commonwealth of England

Collection of facts about the Wars of the Roses

This post is a collection of facts about the Wars of the Roses (1455-1487). There are 20 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

House of Lancaster vs. House of York
Rival cadet branches of the House of Plantagenet
Fight for the English throne
Preceded by the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453)
Richard, Duke of York challenged his cousin King Henry VI (Lancaster) for throne
Henry VI (Lancaster) captured in 1455
Richard, Duke of York killed in 1460 and Edward IV (York) inherits his claim
Edward IV (York) crowned king in 1461
Edward IV (York) married Elizabeth Woodville against advice from Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick to strengthen relations with France
Henry VI (Lancaster) restored as king in 1470
Edward IV (York) led invasion with Burgundy aid
Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick killed at the Battle of Barnet
Henry IV (Lancaster) imprisoned and killed in 1471 ending Lancaster male line
Edward IV (York) died in 1483 and succeeded by Edward V (York)
Edward V (York) deposed by uncle Richard III (York)
Henry VII (Tudor) is descendant of Edward III (Plantagenet)
Henry VII (Tudor) killed Richard III (York) at Bosworth Field in 1485
Henry VII (Tudor) marries Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV (York)
Henry VII (Tudor) becomes king
York opposition defeated at Stoke Field in 1487

Saturday, March 7, 2026

Collection of facts about the Eighty Years' War

This post is a collection of facts about the Eighty Years' War (c. 1566-1648). There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Spain vs. rebels (Dutch Republic)
Also known as the Dutch Revolt
Conflict in Habsburg Netherlands
Dutch Republic established in 1588
Twelve Year's Truce in 1609
Led to Thirty Years' War in 1621
Peace of Münster ended the war in 1648
Spain retained Southern Netherlands
Spain recognized independence of Dutch Republic

Collection of facts about the Seven Years' War

This post is a collection of facts about the Seven Years' War (1756-1763). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Britain, Prussia vs. France, Austria
Also involved: Portugal, Spain, Saxony, Sweden, Russia
Unpopular Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) ended War of Austrian Succession
Led to Diplomatic Revolution and French-Austrian alliance
Austria attempted to recover Silesia
France loses North American territories in Treaty of Paris (1763)
Spain regains Havana and Manila from Britain in exchange for Florida
Treaty of Hubertusburg (1763) ended the war and Prussia retained Silesia

Collection of facts about the Armenian genocide

This post is a collection of facts about the Armenian genocide (1915-1917). There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Preceded by Armenian massacres in 1890s and 1909
Committed by Ottoman Empire during World War I
Began during invasion into Russian and Persian territory
Ordered by Talaat Pasha
Armenian intellectuals deported from Constantinople in 1915
Death marches to Syria
Forced religious conversion to Islam
Continued during the Turkish War of Independence by Turkish nationalists
600,000 to 1,500,000 deaths

Collection of facts about the Balkan Wars

This post is a collection of facts about the Balkan Wars (1912-1913). There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

First Balkan War: Ottoman Empire vs. Greece, Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria
Second Balkan War: Bulgaria vs. Ottoman Empire, Greece, Serbia, Montenegro, Romania
Balkan League formed in 1912 to counter Ottoman rule
Treaty of London ended the First Balkan War
Bulgaria dissatisfied with outcome and attacked Balkan League
Treaty of Bucharest ended the Second Balkan War
Ottoman Empire lost European provinces except Eastern Thrace
Led to the July Crisis and the First World War
Influenced the Yugoslav Wars in the 1990s

Collection of facts about the Bangladesh Liberation War

This post is a collection of facts about the Bangladesh Liberation War (1971). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Bangladesh vs. Pakistan
Yahya Khan launched Operation Searchlight leading to the Bangladesh genocide
Bangladesh conducted guerrilla warfare
India joined fight against Pakistan in December 1971
Pakistan surrendered in December 1971
Bangladesh gained independence
10 million Bengalis fled to India
300,000 to 3,000,000 civilian deaths

Collection of facts about the Indonesian National Revolution

This post is a collection of facts about the Indonesian National Revolution (1945-1949). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Indonesia vs. Dutch East Indies (Netherlands)
Indonesia declared independence in 1945
Dutch military controlled major cities on Java and Sumatra
United States threatened to end economic aid to the Netherlands
Netherlands transferred sovereignty to Indonesia in 1949
Dutch New Guinea remained under Netherlands control
About 100,000 Indonesian deaths

Collection of facts about the Meiji Restoration

This post is a collection of facts about the Meiji Restoration (1868). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Consolidated power under Emperor Meiji
Westernization of Japanese technology and industry
Established Empire of Japan
Abolition of the Tokugawa shogunate and samurai class
Abolition of feudalism in Japan
Led to Boshin War, Saga Rebellion and Satsuma Rebellion
Led to Meiji Constitution of 1889

Collection of facts about the Paraguayan War

This post is a collection of facts about the Paraguayan War (1864-1870). There are 6 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Paraguay vs. Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay
Preceded by Uruguayan War and territorial disputes
Paraguay conducted guerrilla warfare
President Francisco Solano López killed in 1870
Paraguay occupied by Argentina and Brazil until 1876
150,000 - 500,000 deaths

Collection of facts about the Spanish-American War

This post is a collection of facts about the Spanish-American War (1898). There are 10 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Began with sinking of the USS Maine in Cuba in February 1898
U.S. blockade of Cuba in April 1898
U.S. destroy Spanish fleet in Manila, Philippines in May 1898
U.S. captures Guam in June 1898
U.S. destroy Spanish fleet in Cuba in July 1898
U.S. invade Puerto Rico in July 1898
Treaty of Paris ends the war in December 1898
U.S. gains Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines
Cuba to gain independence in 1902 as U.S. protectorate
End of Spanish presence in the Americas and Asia

Collection of facts about the Gulf War

This post is a collection of facts about the Gulf War (1990-1991). There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Iraq (led by Saddam Hussain) invades Kuwait in August 1990
Alleged Kuwait slant drilling in Iraq's oil fields
Iraq debt to Kuwait from Iran-Iraq War
Iraq splits Kuwait's territory
UN Security Council demanded Iraq withdrawal
42 country military alliance led by U.S.
Bombardment of Iraq and Kuwait in January 1991
Liberation of Kuwait in February 1991
Over 600 oil well fires

Collection of facts about the Iranian Revolution

This post is a collection of facts about the Iranian Revolution (1978-1979). There are 10 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Iranian coup d'état overthrew Mohammad Mossadegh in 1953
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi reinstated as absolute monarch
Pahlavi implemented White Revolution modernization policies in 1963
Ruhollah Khomeini criticized polices and exiled in 1964
Anti-government demonstrations began in 1977
Cinema Rex fire killed around 400 people in 1978
Due to demonstrations, Pahlavi left Iran in 1979
March 1979 Islamic Republic Republic referendum
Khomeini becomes supreme leader of Iran
Imperial State of Iran replaced by Islamic Republic of Iran

Friday, March 6, 2026

Collection of facts about the Cuban Missile Crisis

This post is a collection of facts about the Cuban Missile Crisis. There are 9 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

13-day confrontation (October 16 - 28, 1962)
United States deployed nuclear missiles in the United Kingdom, Italy and Turkey between 1959 and 1961
Nikita Khrushchev and Fidel Castro meeting (July 1962)
Soviet Union deployed nuclear missiles in Cuba
U.S. spy plane discovers long-rang launch facilities in Cuba
U.S. air strike on Cuba at Soviet missile supplies
U.S. naval blockade of Cuba (October 22 - November 20)
U.S. and Soviet Union agree dismantle missiles in Cuba, Turkey and Italy
U.S. dismantles missiles in United Kingdom (August 1963)

Collection of facts about the Holocaust

This post is a collection of facts about the Holocaust (1941-1945). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

6 million Jews deaths
Mass shootings, poison gas chambers, labor camps and human experimentation
Extermination camps: Auschwitz, Birkenau, Treblinka, Belzec, Sobibor, Chełmno, Majdanek
Nazis seized power of Germany in 1933
Nazi goal to remove all German Jews
Kristallnacht pogrom in 1938
Wannsee Conference established Final Solution in 1942
Operation Reinhard in Poland during 1942 to 1943

Collection of facts about the Russian Civil War

This post is a collection of facts about the Russian Civil War (1917-1922). There are 10 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Bolsheviks vs. White movement
Independence movements: Poland, Finland, Ukraine, Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Moldavia, Northern Caucasus, Basmachi
13 foreign states (Allied Powers) fought against Bolsheviks
Russian monarchy overthrown in February Revolution in 1917
Russian Provisional Government overthrown in October Revolution in 1917
Vladimir Lenin led Bolsheviks
White movement led by Alexander Kolchak
White movement eventually retreated eastward
Russian Social Federative Soviet Republic (later Soviet Union) established
Total casualties: 7 - 12 million

Collection of facts about the Mexican Revolution

This post is a collection of facts about the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920). There are 12 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

President Porfiro Díaz succession crisis
Francisco I. Madero challenged Díaz in 1910 presidential election
Madero imprisoned and led to widespread uprisings
Díaz resigned and Madero elected president in 1911
Emiliano Zapata led armed rebellion against Madero
Ten Tragic Days coup d'état forcing Madero to resign in 1913
Madero assassinated by Victoriano Huerta
Constitutionalist Army led by Venustiano Carranza fought against Huerta
Carranza defeated former ally Pancho Villa in 1915
Mexican Constitution of 1917 implemented
Carranza served as president 1917-1920
Carranza assassinated in 1920 and succeeded by revolutionary generals

Collection of facts about the Spanish Civil War

This post is a collection of facts about the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). There are 7 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Republicans (loyalists) vs. Nationalists (rebels)
Republicans: socialists, anarchists, communists
Nationalists: fascists, monarchists, conservatives
Coup d'état of July 1936 by Nationalist military generals
Francisco Franco led Nationalist as supreme leader and dictator
Republican Segismundo Casado led coup against Republican communists
Nationalists won the war and Franco ruled Spain until 1975

Thursday, March 5, 2026

Collection of facts about the Franco-Prussian War

This post is a collection of facts about the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871). There are 8 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

France vs. North German Confederation (led by Kingdom of Prussia)
Dispute over vacant Spanish throne
Otto von Bismarck attempt to incorporate more German states
Siege of Metz
Battle of Sedan
Napoleon III captured
Siege of Paris
German Empire formed as war concluded

Collection of facts about the Crimean War

This post is a collection of facts about the Crimean War (1853-1856). There are 6 facts listed below. Source: Wikipedia

Russia vs. Ottoman Empire, France, United Kingdom, Sardinia
Possible causes: decline of Ottoman Empire, preceding Russo-Turkish wars, British and French preference to preserve Ottoman Empire, dispute over rights of religious minorities in Palestine
Russia invades Danubian Principalities and Ottoman Empire declares war
Invasion of Crimea to capture a Russian naval base in Sevastopol
Russia surrenders in 1856

Sunday, March 1, 2026

Collection of New Deal programs

This post is a collection of New Deal programs in the United States during the Great Depression. There are 21 programs listed below alphabetically. Source: Wikipedia

AAA: Agricultural Adjustment Administration
CCC: Civilian Conservation Corps
FCIC: Federal Crop Insurance Corporation
FDIC: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
FERA: Federal Emergency Relief Administration
FHA: Federal Housing Administration
FSA: Farm Security Administration
HOLC: Homeowners Loan Corporation
NIRA: National Industrial Recovery Act
NLRA: National Labor Relations Act
NRA: National Recovery Administration
NYA: National Youth Administration
RA: Resettlement Administration
REA: Rural Electrification Administration
RFC: Reconstruction Finance Corporation
SEC: Securities and Exchange Commission
SCP: Surplus Commodities Program
SSA: Social Security Administration
TVA: Tennessee Valley Authority
WPA: Works Progress Administration
USHA: United States Housing Authority